What is the meaning of Exodus 22:12? But if the animal - The verse begins with “But,” signaling an exception to the previous statement about loss due to accident (Exodus 22:10–11). - Scripture acknowledges varied circumstances; here, the focus shifts from unavoidable loss to deliberate wrongdoing. - Job 1:14–15 shows theft as a real threat in agrarian life, underscoring the relevance of this stipulation. was actually stolen - The phrase “was actually stolen” establishes factual guilt, not mere suspicion. - Deuteronomy 19:15 presses for two or three witnesses to confirm facts, protecting against false accusation. - Proverbs 6:30–31 illustrates the moral clarity: theft is sin and calls for repayment. from the neighbor - “Neighbor” stresses community responsibility; each Israelite had duty toward another (Leviticus 19:18). - The command echoes the broader ethic: love safeguards property and relationship (Romans 13:9–10). he must make restitution - Restitution restores both justice and fellowship. - Exodus 22:1, 4 require multiple-fold repayment for stolen livestock, reflecting gravity. - Luke 19:8 shows Zacchaeus embracing this principle, pledging fourfold return, a New Testament example of heart-level obedience. to the owner - Restoration goes directly to the wronged party, not a third-party institution. - Leviticus 6:4–5 details paying back “in full, plus a fifth,” highlighting personal accountability. - Matthew 5:23–24 points the offender back to reconciliation before worship, mirroring this Old Testament priority. Summary Exodus 22:12 teaches that when theft—not accident—causes loss, the guilty party must repay the owner. God upholds personal responsibility, protects property rights, and seeks restored relationships. Restitution is more than paying back; it embodies repentance, justice, and love within the covenant community, principles that carry forward into the New Testament call to live honorably and peaceably with all. |
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