Does Paul’s emphasis on “citizenship in heaven” in Philippians 3:20 undermine the Bible’s instructions (like in Romans 13:1–7) to respect and submit to earthly governments?

CITIZENSHIP IN HEAVEN AND EARTHLY AUTHORITY

I. Introduction

The question arises whether Paul’s statement in Philippians 3:20—“But our citizenship is in heaven, and we eagerly await a Savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ”—creates tension with or contradicts the instructions in Romans 13:1–7 to submit to earthly rulers. This entry explores the historical context, scriptural background, theological significance, and practical application of these passages to demonstrate their harmony rather than contradiction.

II. Historical and Cultural Context

1. Philippi’s Roman Identity

Philippi was a Roman colony where many residents were Roman citizens. Paul’s pointed reference to “citizenship” (Greek: politeuma) in Philippians 3:20 would have resonated with readers who took pride in their Roman status. By emphasizing a “heavenly” citizenship, Paul used language familiar to them while conveying that believers answer ultimately to a higher kingdom.

2. Roman Authority in the First Century

In Paul’s day, the Roman Empire maintained an extensive system of governance. Christians in Rome and its colonies encountered direct imperial authority, complete with tax obligations, local magistrates, and the Pax Romana. The instructions in Romans 13:1–7 reflect a concern for order and for recognizing that God established government as a means to uphold justice.

III. Defining “Citizenship in Heaven” (Philippians 3:20)

1. Scriptural Use of “Citizenship”

The Greek term politeuma conveys the idea of a commonwealth or a civic identity. Paul tells believers that their truest belonging and final allegiance are rooted in God’s kingdom. This does not erase one’s earthly responsibilities but rather reorients them under a higher authority.

2. Eager Anticipation of Christ

Philippians 3:20 includes the phrase “we eagerly await a Savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ”. This expectancy underscores the believers’ hope in Christ’s return and in life beyond the present age. Earthly structures, though important, are not ultimate; they must be viewed through the lens of God’s eternal plan.

IV. Understanding Submission to Authorities (Romans 13:1–7)

1. Direct Instruction from Paul

Romans 13:1 states, “Everyone must submit himself to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which is from God. The authorities that exist have been appointed by God”. Paul recognizes government as divinely instituted to maintain societal stability.

2. Purpose of Government

Romans 13:3–4 teaches that rulers are meant to reward good conduct and punish wrongdoing. Paul’s point is that civil order often serves the common good, and believers should show respect, pay taxes, and submit to rightful governance unless such submission directly conflicts with God’s commands.

3. Honoring Leaders without Worshiping Them

Romans 13 does not advocate blind obedience. It promotes respect and proper subjection within God’s moral framework. Acts 5:29 provides an example of biblical civil disobedience when mandated to violate God’s law—“We must obey God rather than men.” These truths coexist without undermining one another.

V. Reconciling Philippians 3:20 and Romans 13:1–7

1. Dual Allegiance but Ultimate Priority

Believers maintain dual roles: citizens of a heavenly kingdom and residents under earthly governance. A Christian’s highest loyalty is to God’s kingdom, yet Scripture does not permit discarding earthly responsibilities. Rather than conflict, these passages emphasize different levels of allegiance: the eternal and the temporary.

2. Biblical Examples of Balance

a. Jesus’ Teaching: In Matthew 22:21, Jesus says, “Give to Caesar what is Caesar’s, and to God what is God’s,” demonstrating both respect for earthly authority and the ultimate devotion owed to God.

b. Early Christians: Although they resisted demands to worship Caesar, early believers still submitted to civic laws where no conflict with obedience to God existed. Historical evidence (e.g., records about Christians not participating in emperor worship but otherwise abiding by local laws) aligns with Romans 13.

VI. Theological and Practical Implications

1. Witness to the World

By honoring proper authorities, believers become examples of integrity and good citizenship. This conduct upholds peace and can open opportunities to witness to the transformative power of God’s grace.

2. Moral Discernment and Conscience

A Christian must remain vigilant: if any earthly law or governmental demand contradicts God’s commands, the believer’s higher allegiance to heaven prevails. However, this should not be confused with neglecting civic duties such as voting, paying taxes, or participating in lawful governance.

3. Consistency with the Whole of Scripture

Both passages flow from the same biblical foundation that God is sovereign over all. The God who grants eternal life in Christ is the same God who ordains structures of authority to bring order for society’s benefit.

Numerous biblical principles—such as justice, love for neighbor, and honoring God above all—confirm that eternal identity and earthly responsibilities harmonize rather than contradict.

VII. Conclusion

Paul’s instruction that believers have a higher “citizenship in heaven” (Philippians 3:20) does not negate or undermine the biblical command in Romans 13:1–7 to respect earthly authorities. Instead, these two teachings present complementary truths: Christians live under the ultimate lordship of Christ while still honoring government systems that uphold justice and societal order.

Earthly citizenship is significant for daily life, but it remains subordinate to the greater reality of belonging to God’s kingdom. Properly balanced, believers faithfully serve as respectful citizens of their nations, yet their deepest loyalty and hope rest in Christ. When earthly demands conflict with God’s clear instructions, believers must follow their heavenly King. At all other times, Christians are to demonstrate godly conduct by contributing positively to the society in which God has placed them.