What does the Bible say about emulations?

Definition and Context

Emulations, in older English usage, often refers to a type of rivalry or jealousy that provokes one to surpass others. In biblical contexts—especially where the King James Version (KJV) uses the term—“emulations” appear in lists of sinful attitudes or “works of the flesh” (cf. Galatians 5:20 KJV). Modern translations will frequently replace “emulations” with “jealousy,” “envy,” or “rivalry” to clarify meaning. At its core, this disposition involves coveting another’s abilities, status, or success, often leading to strife and division.

Biblical Terminology

1. The Greek term often underlying “emulations” is ζῆλος (zēlos), which can mean “zeal,” “jealousy,” or “envy” depending on context.

2. In Galatians 5:20, it appears in a list of sins rendered as: “idolatry and sorcery, hatred, discord, jealousy, rage, rivalries, divisions, factions…” (with “jealousy” corresponding to zēlos).

3. The same root appears in Romans 13:13 in the instruction to “conduct ourselves properly” and avoid carousing and jealous contention.

4. Similar concepts are found when Scripture warns against “selfish ambition” (Philippians 2:3), which captures the hostile competitiveness inherent in emulations.

Instances and Usage in Scripture

1. Galatians 5:19–21 lists “jealousy” among other actions that are “works of the flesh.” While the typically uses the term “jealousy,” the classical KJV uses “emulations.”

2. 1 Corinthians 3:3 states: “For you are still worldly. For since there is jealousy and dissension among you, are you not worldly?” This highlights the divisive nature of jealousy and rivalry.

3. James 3:14–16 warns: “But if you harbor bitter jealousy and selfish ambition in your hearts, do not boast in it or deny the truth… For where jealousy and selfish ambition exist, there will be disorder and every evil practice.” The Greek term here also springs from a form of zēlos, emphasizing the chaos and harm it can bring.

Negative Connotation and Biblical Warnings

Emulations (rivalrous jealousy) is consistently portrayed as destructive and contrary to the fruit of the Spirit:

1. Strife and Division: Emulations spark competition that divides believers and erodes love (see 1 Corinthians 1:11).

2. Pride and Self-Focus: The heart behind emulation is pride, which seeks preeminence at the expense of others (Proverbs 16:18).

This negative usage is reinforced by historical Christian commentary, such as John Chrysostom’s homilies, where he cites jealousy as the root of many church schisms. Emulations place one’s personal ambition ahead of God’s glory and communal unity.

Biblical Examples of Emulations

1. Saul and David (1 Samuel 18:8–9): When David received more praise than Saul, the king’s envy stirred him to attempt David’s downfall. This illustrates how jealousy leads to destructive behavior.

2. Joseph’s Brothers (Genesis 37:3–11): They were envious (similar in nature to “emulations”) of Joseph’s favored status, culminating in selling him into slavery.

3. The Disciples (Luke 22:24): Even among Jesus’ early followers, a dispute arose over “which of them was considered the greatest.” Emulation-like rivalry can persist even in devout circles if hearts are not guarded.

Practical Applications and Proper Response

1. Cultivate Humility: Scripture encourages humility over pride. Philippians 2:3 instructs believers to “do nothing out of selfish ambition or empty pride, but in humility consider others more important than yourselves.” This directly counters the spirit behind emulations.

2. Practice Love and Charity: First Corinthians 13:4–5 tells us, “Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud.” Developing a charitable attitude is a biblical antidote to rivalry.

3. Seek God’s Glory: Colossians 3:17 teaches, “And whatever you do, in word or deed, do it all in the name of the Lord Jesus…” Emulations focus on personal advancement; true worship focuses on God’s honor.

Conclusion

According to Scripture, “emulations” (in the sense of destructive rivalry and jealousy) is consistently condemned as a work of the flesh. While zeal for righteousness is commendable, zeal twisted into envy or hostile rivalry is detrimental to Christian unity and spiritual growth. The Bible’s teaching on this topic urges believers to avoid the competitive pride that fosters division. Instead, it commands the pursuit of humility, love, and a Christ-centered perspective—lifting others up rather than exalting oneself. All such instruction aligns with the overarching biblical call to glorify God through moral conduct, spiritual maturity, and genuine love in the community of faith.