This is the word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD
Jeremiah, a prophet called by God, often received direct revelations from the LORD. This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of the message, underscoring the authority and authenticity of Jeremiah's prophetic role. The phrase "word of the LORD" is a common biblical expression indicating a message from God, often carrying significant weight and urgency. It reflects the consistent biblical theme that God communicates His will and guidance through chosen prophets.

when King Zedekiah sent to him
King Zedekiah was the last king of Judah before the Babylonian conquest. His reign was marked by political instability and spiritual decline. Zedekiah's decision to send messengers to Jeremiah indicates a moment of desperation, as he sought divine insight during a time of crisis. Historically, Zedekiah was placed on the throne by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, and his reign was characterized by rebellion against Babylonian rule, leading to the eventual siege of Jerusalem.

Pashhur son of Malchijah
Pashhur, identified here as the son of Malchijah, is distinct from another Pashhur mentioned earlier in Jeremiah. This Pashhur was likely a high-ranking official or priest, given the context of his mission. His involvement in this delegation suggests the seriousness of the situation, as high-ranking officials were often sent to consult prophets during times of national distress.

and the priest Zephaniah son of Maaseiah
Zephaniah, a priest, was also part of the delegation sent by King Zedekiah. His inclusion highlights the religious dimension of the inquiry, as priests were responsible for spiritual leadership and guidance. Zephaniah's role in this context suggests an attempt to seek divine favor or intervention through religious channels. The presence of both a priest and a high-ranking official underscores the gravity of the situation facing Judah.

They said,
The phrase introduces the message or inquiry that the delegation is about to present to Jeremiah. It sets the stage for the subsequent dialogue and reveals the nature of the request made by King Zedekiah through his envoys. This approach of sending messengers to a prophet was a common practice in ancient Israel, reflecting the belief in the prophet's role as an intermediary between God and the people.

Please inquire of the LORD on our behalf
This phrase indicates a request for divine guidance and intervention. In the context of ancient Israel, seeking a prophet to inquire of the LORD was a common practice, especially in times of crisis. Jeremiah, as a prophet, served as a mediator between God and the people. This reflects the Israelites' understanding of God as sovereign and capable of influencing the outcome of events. The request also shows a reliance on the prophetic office, which was established in Israel to communicate God's will.

since Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon is waging war against us
Nebuchadnezzar II was the king of Babylon from 605 to 562 BC and is known for his military conquests and the expansion of the Babylonian Empire. His siege of Jerusalem was a significant historical event, leading to the eventual fall of the city in 586 BC. This phrase highlights the immediate threat faced by Judah and the desperation of the people. Historically, this period was marked by political instability and shifting alliances, with Babylon emerging as a dominant power after defeating the Assyrians and Egyptians.

Perhaps the LORD will perform for us something like all His past wonders
This reflects a hope rooted in the history of Israel, where God performed miraculous acts to deliver His people, such as the Exodus from Egypt and victories in battles under leaders like Joshua and David. The phrase suggests a belief in God's ability to intervene supernaturally. It also implies a recognition of God's past faithfulness and power, which the people hoped would be demonstrated again in their current crisis.

so that Nebuchadnezzar will withdraw from us
The desired outcome of the inquiry is the withdrawal of Babylonian forces, indicating a hope for deliverance without the need for military engagement. This reflects a reliance on divine intervention rather than human strength or strategy. Historically, the withdrawal of an invading army would have been seen as a sign of divine favor and protection. Theologically, it underscores the belief in God's sovereignty over nations and His ability to alter the course of history for the sake of His people.

But Jeremiah answered
Jeremiah, a prophet called by God, often found himself in opposition to the leaders of Judah. His role was to deliver God's messages, regardless of their popularity. This phrase indicates Jeremiah's readiness to respond to inquiries, even when the message was difficult. His response is not from personal opinion but as a mouthpiece for God, emphasizing the divine authority behind his words.

“You are to tell Zedekiah that”
Zedekiah was the last king of Judah before the Babylonian exile. His reign was marked by political instability and pressure from Babylon. Jeremiah's instruction to convey a message to Zedekiah highlights the prophet's role as an intermediary between God and the king. This reflects the biblical theme of God communicating with leaders through prophets. Zedekiah's request for guidance from Jeremiah shows his desperation as Babylon threatened Jerusalem, yet his actions often contradicted the prophetic counsel he received. This situation underscores the tension between divine will and human leadership, a recurring theme in the Old Testament.

this is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. The title "the LORD, the God of Israel" underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel, reminding the people of their unique status and responsibilities. It also serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and faithfulness, even when delivering messages of judgment.

I will turn against you the weapons of war in your hands:
Here, God declares that the very weapons the Israelites rely on for defense will be rendered ineffective. This reflects a reversal of fortune, where human efforts are futile without divine support. It echoes other biblical instances where God intervenes to nullify human strength, such as in Psalm 33:16-17, which states that a king is not saved by his great army.

with which you are fighting the king of Babylon and the Chaldeans:
The historical context involves the Babylonian siege of Jerusalem, led by King Nebuchadnezzar. The Chaldeans were a dominant force in the Neo-Babylonian Empire. This phrase highlights the immediate threat facing Jerusalem and the futility of resisting God's ordained judgment through Babylon, as seen in Jeremiah 25:9, where Babylon is described as God's servant.

who besiege you outside the wall:
The siege of Jerusalem was a significant event, marking the culmination of Judah's disobedience and the fulfillment of prophetic warnings. The imagery of being besieged outside the wall conveys a sense of impending doom and the inescapable nature of divine judgment. It also reflects the historical reality of ancient warfare tactics.

and I will assemble their forces in the center of this city:
This phrase indicates that God will allow the enemy to penetrate the city's defenses, symbolizing total defeat and the collapse of Jerusalem's security. It serves as a stark warning of the consequences of persistent rebellion against God. Theologically, it underscores God's control over nations and events, as seen in Isaiah 45:1-7, where God uses foreign powers to accomplish His purposes.

And I Myself will fight against you
This phrase indicates a direct intervention by God against the people of Judah. Historically, this is a significant moment as it marks a shift from God being the protector of Israel to becoming their adversary due to their persistent disobedience and idolatry. This is reminiscent of other instances in the Old Testament where God opposes His people when they turn away from Him, such as in the wilderness wanderings (Numbers 14:34). Theologically, it underscores the seriousness of covenant unfaithfulness and the consequences that follow.

with an outstretched hand and a mighty arm
The imagery of an "outstretched hand and a mighty arm" is often used in the Bible to describe God's power and might, particularly in delivering His people, as seen in the Exodus narrative (Exodus 6:6). Here, however, it is used in the context of judgment rather than deliverance. This reversal highlights the severity of Judah's sin and the extent of God's righteous anger. It also serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and ability to execute judgment.

with anger, fury, and great wrath
These terms collectively emphasize the intensity of God's response to Judah's rebellion. "Anger, fury, and great wrath" are expressions of God's holiness and justice in the face of sin. This triad of terms is used elsewhere in Scripture to describe God's judgment, such as in Deuteronomy 29:28 and Ezekiel 5:15. The repetition and escalation of these terms serve to communicate the depth of God's displeasure and the seriousness of the impending judgment. This passage foreshadows the eventual destruction of Jerusalem and the Babylonian exile, which were direct consequences of the nation's persistent sin.

I will strike down the residents of this city
This phrase indicates divine judgment upon Jerusalem. The context is the Babylonian siege, a consequence of the people's persistent disobedience and idolatry. Historically, Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship and governance, making its judgment significant. This reflects the covenantal curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28 for disobedience. The phrase underscores God's sovereignty and justice, as He uses nations like Babylon as instruments of His will.

both man and beast
The inclusion of both humans and animals in the judgment highlights the totality of the devastation. In ancient Near Eastern culture, animals were vital for agriculture, transportation, and religious sacrifices. Their destruction signifies economic collapse and religious desolation. This mirrors the plagues of Egypt, where both man and beast suffered, emphasizing the comprehensive nature of divine retribution.

They will die in a terrible plague.
Plagues were common divine instruments of judgment in the Bible, as seen in the plagues of Egypt (Exodus 7-12). This specific judgment aligns with the curses for covenant unfaithfulness (Leviticus 26:25). The term "terrible" underscores the severity and fear associated with such divine acts. Plagues often symbolize spiritual decay and the consequences of sin, pointing to the need for repentance and foreshadowing the ultimate deliverance through Christ, who heals and restores.

‘After that,’ declares the LORD,
This phrase indicates a sequence of events, suggesting that what follows is a consequence of prior actions or judgments. The declaration by the LORD emphasizes divine authority and the certainty of the prophecy. In the context of Jeremiah, this follows warnings of judgment due to the people's persistent disobedience and idolatry.

‘I will hand over Zedekiah king of Judah, his officers, and the people in this city who survive the plague and sword and famine,
Zedekiah was the last king of Judah before the Babylonian exile. His reign was marked by political instability and rebellion against Babylon. The mention of plague, sword, and famine reflects the severe judgments that had already begun to afflict Jerusalem, fulfilling earlier prophecies (Jeremiah 14:12). The survival of some through these calamities only to face further judgment underscores the totality of God's decree.

to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and to their enemies who seek their lives.
Nebuchadnezzar was the powerful ruler of Babylon, known for his military conquests and the eventual destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC. This handing over signifies God's use of foreign powers as instruments of judgment, a common theme in the prophetic literature (Isaiah 10:5-6). The enemies seeking their lives highlight the dire situation for Judah, surrounded by hostile forces.

He will put them to the sword;
This phrase indicates the violent and decisive nature of the judgment. The sword is a frequent biblical symbol of war and divine retribution (Ezekiel 21:3-5). It reflects the fulfillment of God's warnings through Jeremiah that resistance against Babylon would lead to destruction.

he will not spare them or show pity or compassion.’
The absence of pity or compassion underscores the severity of the judgment and the finality of God's decision. This reflects the covenantal curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28 for disobedience. It also contrasts with God's usual character of mercy, highlighting the extent of Judah's rebellion and the necessity of justice.

Furthermore, you are to tell this people that this is what the LORD says:
This phrase emphasizes the role of the prophet as a messenger of God. Jeremiah, as a prophet, is tasked with delivering God's message to the people of Judah. This reflects the biblical theme of divine communication through chosen individuals. Prophets often served as intermediaries between God and His people, conveying warnings, guidance, and promises. The authority of the message is underscored by the phrase "this is what the LORD says," indicating that the words are not Jeremiah's own but are divinely inspired.

‘Behold, I set before you the way of life and the way of death.
This phrase presents a clear choice between two paths, reminiscent of the choices given in Deuteronomy 30:19, where Moses sets before the Israelites life and death, blessings and curses. The imagery of two paths is a common biblical motif, symbolizing the moral and spiritual decisions that individuals and nations must make. In the context of Jeremiah, this choice is particularly poignant as it relates to the impending Babylonian siege of Jerusalem. The "way of life" likely refers to surrendering to the Babylonians, which would lead to survival, while the "way of death" refers to resisting, which would result in destruction. This choice also foreshadows the ultimate choice between spiritual life and death, pointing to the New Testament teachings of Jesus Christ, who offers eternal life to those who follow Him (John 14:6).

Whoever stays in this city will die by sword and famine and plague
This phrase is a direct warning from God through the prophet Jeremiah to the inhabitants of Jerusalem. The city is under siege by the Babylonians, also known as the Chaldeans. The "sword" refers to the violence and warfare that will occur, "famine" indicates the severe food shortages due to the siege, and "plague" suggests disease outbreaks that often accompany such dire conditions. Historically, sieges were brutal, leading to starvation and disease as supplies ran out. This warning is consistent with the covenant curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28, where disobedience to God leads to such calamities.

but whoever goes out and surrenders to the Chaldeans who besiege you will live
This part of the verse presents a counterintuitive command: surrender to the enemy to preserve life. In the ancient Near Eastern context, surrendering to a besieging army was often seen as a last resort, yet here it is presented as an act of obedience to God's will. The Chaldeans, led by King Nebuchadnezzar, are instruments of God's judgment against Judah for their persistent idolatry and disobedience. This call to surrender is a test of faith, requiring trust in God's plan despite the apparent danger.

he will retain his life like a spoil of war
The phrase "like a spoil of war" suggests that life itself is a prize to be won. In ancient warfare, spoils were the goods and captives taken by the victors. Here, God promises that those who obey His command to surrender will have their lives spared, as if they were valuable spoils. This reflects the biblical theme of God valuing obedience over sacrifice (1 Samuel 15:22) and highlights His mercy even in judgment. The preservation of life through surrender can also be seen as a type of salvation, prefiguring the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who calls believers to surrender their lives to Him for eternal life (Matthew 16:25).

For I have set My face against this city
This phrase indicates a deliberate and determined decision by God to oppose Jerusalem. In biblical terms, when God "sets His face" against something, it signifies His active judgment and disfavor. This is a reversal of the blessing found in Numbers 6:24-26, where God’s face shining upon someone is a sign of favor. The context here is the impending Babylonian siege of Jerusalem, a consequence of the people's persistent idolatry and disobedience.

to bring disaster and not good
The disaster refers to the destruction and suffering that will come upon Jerusalem as a result of the Babylonian invasion. This is a fulfillment of the covenant curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28 for disobedience. The contrast between disaster and good highlights the severity of the judgment; God’s intention is not to bring peace or prosperity but rather calamity as a corrective measure.

declares the LORD
This phrase emphasizes the authority and certainty of the message. It is not Jeremiah’s own words but a divine pronouncement. The use of "declares the LORD" throughout prophetic literature underscores the seriousness and inevitability of the prophecy.

It will be delivered into the hand of the king of Babylon
This statement identifies Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, as the instrument of God’s judgment. Historically, Babylon was the dominant power in the region during this period, and its military campaigns against Judah were well-documented. This aligns with the broader narrative of the Babylonian Exile, a pivotal event in Jewish history.

who will destroy it with fire
The destruction by fire signifies total devastation, a common fate for conquered cities in the ancient Near East. This prophecy was fulfilled in 586 BC when Jerusalem was burned and the temple destroyed, as recorded in 2 Kings 25:9. The imagery of fire also symbolizes purification and judgment, themes prevalent in prophetic literature.

Moreover, tell the house of the king of Judah
This phrase addresses the royal family and leadership of Judah, emphasizing their responsibility in leading the nation. The "house of the king" refers to the Davidic dynasty, which held a covenantal promise from God (2 Samuel 7:12-16). The kings were expected to uphold justice and righteousness, as their actions had significant implications for the entire nation. Historically, this period was marked by political instability and external threats, particularly from Babylon. The leadership's failure to adhere to God's commands contributed to the nation's downfall.

to hear the word of the LORD
This command underscores the importance of listening to God's message, which was often delivered through prophets like Jeremiah. The phrase "word of the LORD" signifies divine authority and truth, contrasting with the false assurances given by other prophets and advisors of the time. In biblical context, hearing implies obedience (Deuteronomy 6:4-5), and the call to listen is a recurring theme throughout Scripture (Isaiah 55:3, James 1:22). The failure to heed God's word led to judgment, as seen in the Babylonian exile. This call to hear also foreshadows the ultimate revelation of God's word through Jesus Christ, who is described as the Word made flesh (John 1:14).

O house of David, this is what the LORD says:
The "house of David" refers to the royal lineage of King David, emphasizing the responsibility of the leaders in Jerusalem. This phrase underscores the covenantal relationship between God and the Davidic dynasty, highlighting their duty to uphold justice and righteousness. The invocation of the LORD's authority indicates the seriousness of the message, as it comes directly from God, who is the ultimate judge and ruler.

Administer justice every morning:
The call to "administer justice every morning" suggests a daily commitment to righteousness and fairness. In ancient Israel, the morning was a time for legal proceedings and judgments, reflecting the need for consistent and timely justice. This command aligns with the broader biblical theme of justice as a central aspect of God's character and His expectations for His people (Micah 6:8).

And rescue the victim of robbery from the hand of his oppressor:
This phrase highlights the social responsibility of leaders to protect the vulnerable and oppressed. The emphasis on rescuing victims of robbery points to a society plagued by injustice and exploitation. It echoes the biblical mandate to care for the marginalized, as seen in passages like Isaiah 1:17 and Proverbs 31:8-9, where God's people are called to defend the rights of the poor and needy.

Or My wrath will go forth like fire and burn with no one to extinguish it:
The imagery of God's wrath as an unquenchable fire serves as a powerful warning of impending judgment. Fire is often used in the Bible to symbolize God's purifying and destructive power (Deuteronomy 4:24, Hebrews 12:29). This phrase underscores the seriousness of failing to uphold justice, as divine retribution is inevitable and unstoppable without repentance and reform.

Because of their evil deeds:
The "evil deeds" refer to the systemic injustice and moral corruption prevalent in the society of Judah. This phrase connects the people's actions with the consequences they face, emphasizing the biblical principle of sowing and reaping (Galatians 6:7-8). It serves as a reminder that God's judgment is a response to human sinfulness, calling for repentance and a return to His ways.

Behold, I am against you
This phrase indicates a direct declaration of opposition from God. In the context of Jeremiah, God often speaks against the leaders and people of Judah due to their persistent disobedience and idolatry. This divine opposition is a serious matter, as it signifies that the people have moved beyond mere disobedience to a point where God Himself is actively working against them. This echoes other instances in the Bible where God opposes the proud (James 4:6).

who dwell above the valley
This refers to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, which is situated on a series of hills and surrounded by valleys. The geographical setting of Jerusalem gave its inhabitants a sense of security, as the valleys provided natural defenses against invaders. However, this phrase suggests that their physical location has led to a false sense of security, ignoring the spiritual and moral decay within.

atop the rocky plateau
The rocky plateau further emphasizes the natural fortifications of Jerusalem. Archaeological evidence supports the strategic advantage of Jerusalem's topography, which made it difficult for enemies to conquer. Despite this, the phrase serves as a reminder that physical defenses are meaningless without God's protection, as seen in other biblical narratives like the fall of Jericho (Joshua 6).

declares the LORD
This phrase underscores the authority and certainty of the message. When God declares something, it is not merely a prediction but a statement of what will surely come to pass. This is a common prophetic formula used throughout the Old Testament to affirm the divine origin of the message.

you who say, “Who can come against us?
This reflects the arrogance and complacency of the people of Jerusalem. They believed their city was impregnable due to its fortifications and perhaps their status as God's chosen people. This attitude is reminiscent of other biblical instances where human pride leads to downfall, such as the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:4).

Who can enter our dwellings?”
The rhetorical question highlights the false confidence of the people in their security. Historically, Jerusalem had withstood many sieges, which may have contributed to this overconfidence. However, the prophetic message warns that no earthly defense can stand against God's judgment. This serves as a reminder of the need for humility and reliance on God rather than on human strength or achievements.

I will punish you as your deeds deserve, declares the LORD.
This phrase emphasizes the principle of divine justice, where God holds individuals and nations accountable for their actions. In the context of Jeremiah, this message is directed towards the leaders and people of Judah, who have turned away from God's commandments. The concept of retributive justice is consistent throughout the Bible, as seen in passages like Galatians 6:7, "Do not be deceived: God cannot be mocked. A man reaps what he sows." The declaration by the LORD underscores His authority and the certainty of His judgment. Historically, this period was marked by rampant idolatry and social injustice in Judah, which provoked God's righteous anger.

I will kindle a fire in your forest
The imagery of fire is often used in the Bible to symbolize judgment and purification. In this context, "your forest" likely refers to the royal palaces and the city of Jerusalem, which were surrounded by lush areas and symbolized the strength and pride of the nation. The fire represents the impending destruction that Babylon would bring upon Jerusalem as a consequence of their disobedience. This metaphor is consistent with other prophetic warnings, such as Isaiah 10:18, where the destruction of Assyria is likened to a forest fire. The use of fire also points to the consuming nature of God's judgment, leaving nothing untouched.

that will consume everything around you.’”
The totality of the destruction is highlighted here, indicating that the judgment will be comprehensive and devastating. This prophecy was fulfilled during the Babylonian siege and destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC, as recorded in 2 Kings 25. The phrase "everything around you" suggests not only the physical destruction but also the collapse of the social and religious structures that the people relied upon. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God. The complete consumption also foreshadows the ultimate judgment at the end of times, as described in Revelation 20:9-10, where fire from heaven consumes the enemies of God.