In biblical times, the relationship between debtor and creditor was a significant aspect of economic and social life, governed by various laws and ethical teachings found throughout the Scriptures. The Bible provides guidance on the responsibilities and moral obligations of both parties, emphasizing justice, mercy, and the importance of maintaining community harmony.

Debtor

A debtor is an individual or entity that owes money or goods to another. In the biblical context, debt could arise from various circumstances, including poverty, misfortune, or business transactions. The Scriptures acknowledge the reality of debt but also caution against its potential pitfalls.

Proverbs 22:7 states, "The rich rule over the poor, and the borrower is slave to the lender." This verse highlights the power dynamics inherent in the debtor-creditor relationship, warning of the loss of freedom and autonomy that can accompany indebtedness.

The Mosaic Law provided specific regulations to protect debtors from exploitation. For instance, in Exodus 22:25 , it is written, "If you lend money to one of My people among you who is poor, you must not be like a moneylender to him; you must not charge him interest." This command underscores the importance of compassion and fairness, particularly towards those in financial distress.

Furthermore, the concept of the Sabbatical Year, as outlined in Deuteronomy 15:1-2 , mandated the release of debts every seven years: "At the end of every seven years you must cancel debts. This is how it is to be done: Every creditor shall cancel the loan he has made to his fellow Israelite. He shall not require payment from his fellow Israelite or brother, because the LORD’s time for canceling debts has been proclaimed." This provision served as a societal reset, preventing the perpetuation of poverty and ensuring that debt did not become a permanent burden.

Creditor

A creditor is an individual or entity to whom money or goods are owed. The Bible addresses the conduct of creditors, emphasizing the need for integrity, mercy, and respect for the dignity of debtors.

In Leviticus 25:35-37 , the law instructs, "If your brother becomes impoverished and cannot support himself among you, help him as you would a foreigner or stranger, so that he can continue to live among you. Do not take any interest or profit from him, but fear your God, so that your countryman may continue to live among you. You must not lend him money at interest or sell him food at a profit." This passage highlights the ethical responsibility of creditors to act with compassion and to avoid exploiting the vulnerable.

The New Testament also addresses the moral obligations of creditors. In the Lord's Prayer, Jesus teaches His followers to pray, "And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors" (Matthew 6:12). This petition underscores the spiritual dimension of forgiveness and the call to extend grace to others, reflecting God's mercy towards humanity.

Additionally, the parable of the unmerciful servant in Matthew 18:23-35 illustrates the expectation that those who have received forgiveness should likewise forgive others. The parable concludes with a stern warning about the consequences of failing to show mercy: "In anger his master turned him over to the jailers to be tortured, until he should repay all that he owed" (Matthew 18:34).

The biblical teachings on debtors and creditors emphasize a balance between justice and mercy, advocating for a community where financial transactions are conducted with integrity and compassion. These principles continue to inform Christian ethics and the approach to economic relationships in contemporary society.