In the Bible, the kidneys are often mentioned in a metaphorical sense, symbolizing the innermost thoughts, emotions, and moral character of a person. The Hebrew word for kidneys, "kilyah," is frequently used in the Old Testament to denote the seat of human emotions and affections, much like the heart is used in modern language. This metaphorical use reflects the ancient understanding of the kidneys as central to one's inner being and moral integrity.

In Psalm 7:9 , the psalmist appeals to God, saying, "O righteous God, who searches hearts and minds, bring an end to the violence of the wicked and make the righteous secure." Here, "minds" is translated from the Hebrew word for kidneys, indicating that God examines the deepest parts of a person’s character and intentions.

The kidneys are also mentioned in the context of sacrificial offerings. In Leviticus 3:4 , the instructions for peace offerings include the removal of the kidneys: "the two kidneys with the fat on them near the loins, and the lobe of the liver, which he will remove with the kidneys." This practice underscores the importance of offering the innermost parts to God, symbolizing a complete and sincere dedication.

Jeremiah 11:20 further illustrates the symbolic use of kidneys: "But, O LORD of Hosts, who judges righteously, who tests the heart and mind, let me see Your vengeance upon them, for to You I have committed my cause." Here, the testing of the "heart and mind" (literally "heart and kidneys") emphasizes God's ability to discern true motives and intentions.

Gall

The term "gall" in the Bible is often associated with bitterness and suffering. It is used both literally and metaphorically to describe intense emotional or physical distress. The Hebrew word "rosh" and the Greek word "chole" are translated as "gall" in various passages, often referring to a bitter substance.

In the Old Testament, gall is frequently mentioned in the context of bitterness and poison. Deuteronomy 29:18 warns against idolatry, stating, "Make sure there is no man or woman, clan or tribe among you today whose heart turns away from the LORD our God to go and worship the gods of those nations; make sure there is no root among you bearing poisonous and bitter fruit." The "poisonous and bitter fruit" is a metaphor for the destructive consequences of turning away from God.

In the New Testament, gall is notably mentioned during the crucifixion of Jesus. Matthew 27:34 states, "There they offered Jesus wine to drink, mixed with gall; but after tasting it, He refused to drink it." This act fulfilled the prophecy in Psalm 69:21 : "They poisoned my food with gall and gave me vinegar to quench my thirst." The offering of gall to Jesus symbolizes the bitterness and suffering He endured on the cross.

The use of gall in these contexts highlights the themes of suffering, judgment, and the consequences of sin. It serves as a powerful symbol of the bitterness that can result from turning away from God and the suffering that Christ willingly endured for humanity's redemption.