In the biblical context, the relationship between the people and the priest is foundational to understanding the religious and social structure of ancient Israel, as well as the development of Christian theology. The role of the priest is deeply intertwined with the covenantal relationship between God and His people, serving as a mediator, teacher, and leader in worship.

Old Testament Context

In the Old Testament, the priesthood is established as a divine institution, primarily through the line of Aaron, the brother of Moses. The Book of Exodus details the consecration of Aaron and his sons as priests, setting them apart for service in the Tabernacle (Exodus 28-29). The priestly duties included offering sacrifices, maintaining the sanctuary, and instructing the people in the Law. Leviticus 10:11 states, "You must teach the Israelites all the statutes that the LORD has given them through Moses."

The priesthood was integral to the sacrificial system, which was central to Israelite worship. The priests acted as intermediaries between God and the people, offering sacrifices to atone for sins and to maintain the covenant relationship. The Day of Atonement, described in Leviticus 16, highlights the high priest's unique role in entering the Holy of Holies to make atonement for the nation.

The priesthood also had a judicial function, as seen in Deuteronomy 17:9-12, where priests are involved in legal decisions and disputes. This underscores their role as guardians of the covenant and interpreters of God's law.

New Testament Context

The New Testament reinterprets the concept of priesthood in light of the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Jesus is presented as the ultimate High Priest, fulfilling and surpassing the Old Testament priesthood. Hebrews 4:14-15 declares, "Therefore, since we have a great high priest who has passed through the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let us hold firmly to what we profess. For we do not have a high priest who is unable to sympathize with our weaknesses, but we have one who was tempted in every way that we are, yet was without sin."

The New Testament also introduces the concept of the "priesthood of all believers," as articulated in 1 Peter 2:9: "But you are a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for God’s own possession, to proclaim the virtues of Him who called you out of darkness into His marvelous light." This signifies a shift from a specific priestly class to a communal priesthood, where all believers have direct access to God through Christ.

Theological Implications

The relationship between people and priest in the Bible underscores the necessity of mediation in the divine-human relationship. In the Old Testament, this was accomplished through the Levitical priesthood, while in the New Testament, Christ is the ultimate mediator. The priesthood of all believers emphasizes the communal and individual responsibility of Christians to live out their faith and proclaim the Gospel.

The role of the priest as a teacher and leader remains significant in Christian communities, where pastors and ministers often fulfill similar functions. However, the New Testament's emphasis on direct access to God through Christ democratizes the spiritual responsibilities once held exclusively by the priestly class.

In summary, the biblical narrative of people and priest highlights the evolving understanding of mediation, sacrifice, and community in the relationship between God and His people, culminating in the person and work of Jesus Christ.