The priestly garments, as detailed in the Old Testament, hold significant theological and symbolic importance within the biblical narrative. These garments were worn by the priests of Israel, particularly the high priest, and were designed according to divine specifications given to Moses on Mount Sinai. The instructions for these garments are primarily found in the book of Exodus, specifically in chapters 28 and 39.

Biblical Description and Components

The priestly garments were intended to reflect the holiness and glory of God, setting the priests apart for their sacred duties. Exodus 28:2 states, "Make holy garments for your brother Aaron, to give him dignity and splendor." The garments included several key components:

1. The Ephod: This was a richly embroidered apron-like garment made of gold, blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen. It had two shoulder pieces with onyx stones engraved with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel (Exodus 28:6-12).

2. The Breastpiece of Judgment: Attached to the ephod, this square breastpiece was also made of gold, blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen. It contained twelve stones, each representing one of the tribes of Israel. The breastpiece held the Urim and Thummim, used for divination (Exodus 28:15-30).

3. The Robe of the Ephod: This robe was entirely blue and had a hem decorated with pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and gold bells. The sound of the bells was to be heard when the high priest entered and exited the Holy Place (Exodus 28:31-35).

4. The Turban and the Plate of Gold: The high priest wore a fine linen turban with a gold plate inscribed with "HOLY TO THE LORD" (Exodus 28:36-38).

5. The Tunic, Sash, and Undergarments: The tunic was a long, white linen garment worn under the ephod. The sash was embroidered with colorful threads, and linen undergarments were worn to cover the body from the waist to the thighs (Exodus 28:39-43).

Symbolism and Function

The priestly garments symbolized purity, holiness, and the mediatory role of the priests between God and the people of Israel. Each element of the attire had a specific purpose and meaning. The use of precious materials and intricate designs underscored the sacredness of the priestly office.

The high priest, in particular, served as a type of Christ, the ultimate High Priest, who mediates between God and humanity. Hebrews 4:14 refers to Jesus as "a great high priest who has passed through the heavens, Jesus the Son of God."

Regulations and Consecration

The consecration of the priests and their garments was a solemn ceremony involving sacrifices and anointing with oil, as described in Exodus 29. The garments were to be worn whenever the priests ministered in the Tabernacle or Temple, and failure to adhere to these regulations could result in death (Exodus 28:43).

The priestly garments served not only as a uniform for the priests but also as a constant reminder of their duty to uphold the holiness of God and the covenant relationship between God and Israel.