Tobiah and Sanballat are prominent figures in the biblical narrative of Nehemiah, particularly in the context of the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem. Their opposition to Nehemiah's efforts is a significant theme in the Book of Nehemiah, highlighting the challenges faced by the Jewish community during the post-exilic period.

Tobiah the Ammonite

Tobiah is identified as an Ammonite official. The Ammonites were descendants of Lot and often in conflict with Israel throughout biblical history. Tobiah's opposition to Nehemiah is rooted in political and personal interests, as he sought to maintain influence over the region. In Nehemiah 2:10, it is noted, "When Sanballat the Horonite and Tobiah the Ammonite official heard about this, they were deeply disturbed that someone had come to seek the well-being of the Israelites."

Tobiah's antagonism is further illustrated in Nehemiah 4:3, where he mocks the efforts of the Jews, saying, "Even if a fox were to climb up on it, he would break down their wall of stones!" His derision underscores the contempt and underestimation of the Jewish efforts to restore their city.

Despite his opposition, Tobiah managed to maintain some influence within Jerusalem. Nehemiah 13:4-5 reveals that Eliashib the priest, who was related to Tobiah, provided him with a room in the temple courts, which Nehemiah later rectified by expelling Tobiah and purifying the rooms.

Sanballat the Horonite

Sanballat is described as a Horonite, likely indicating his origin from Horonaim in Moab. He is often seen as the primary antagonist in the narrative of Nehemiah. Sanballat's opposition is not only political but also deeply personal, as he perceives the rebuilding of Jerusalem's walls as a threat to his authority and influence in the region.

In Nehemiah 2:19, Sanballat, along with Tobiah and Geshem the Arab, ridicules Nehemiah's plans, accusing him of rebellion against the king: "What is this you are doing?" they asked. "Are you rebelling against the king?" This accusation reflects the political tension and the precarious position of the Jewish community under Persian rule.

Sanballat's efforts to thwart Nehemiah's work include attempts to intimidate and distract him. Nehemiah 6:2-4 records Sanballat's repeated invitations to meet in the plain of Ono, which Nehemiah wisely refuses, recognizing it as a ploy to harm him. Sanballat's persistence in opposition is evident in his attempts to spread false rumors and intimidate Nehemiah through letters, as seen in Nehemiah 6:5-9.

Theological and Historical Significance

The opposition of Tobiah and Sanballat serves as a reminder of the external and internal challenges faced by God's people in fulfilling their divine mission. Their actions highlight the persistent enmity against the purposes of God and the need for discernment and steadfastness in the face of opposition. Nehemiah's leadership and reliance on prayer and divine guidance exemplify the biblical principle of trusting in God's provision and protection amidst adversity.

The narrative of Tobiah and Sanballat also underscores the importance of community integrity and the dangers of compromising alliances. Nehemiah's reforms, including the expulsion of Tobiah from the temple, reflect the necessity of maintaining holiness and dedication to God's covenant.