Lexical Summary pannag: pannag Original Word: פַנַּג Strong's Exhaustive Concordance Pannag Of uncertain derivation; probably pastry -- Pannag. NAS Exhaustive Concordance Word Originof uncertain derivation Definition (probably a kind of food) perhaps cake NASB Translation cakes (1). Brown-Driver-Briggs מַּנַּג noun [masculine] unknown word, apparently some kind of food; ׳וּדְבַשׁ וגו ׳חטֵּי מִנִּית וּפ Ezekiel 27:17; Vrss conject.; Co proposes וְדוֺנַג, so HoffmPhoenician Inschr. 15 Krae Berthol ('perhaps'). Topical Lexicon Scriptural OccurrenceEzekiel 27:17: “Judah and the land of Israel traded with you; they exchanged wheat from Minnith and confections, honey, oil, and balm for your merchandise.” The single appearance of פַנַּג (pannag) is embedded in the divine lament for Tyre, a catalogue of the goods that flowed into the Phoenician merchant city. Its placement beside wheat, honey, oil, and balm underscores a commodity of recognized value in ancient Near Eastern trade. Historical Setting Ezekiel prophesied during the Babylonian exile. Tyre’s trading empire drew on produce from many lands, and Judah’s contribution affirmed the agricultural richness promised to Israel (Deuteronomy 8:8). The fact that Judah could export luxury foodstuffs even in times of political weakness attests to God’s sustaining provision for His covenant people. Identification and Composition While the precise nature of pannag is uncertain, Jewish tradition (Talmud, Menahot 70a) connects it with sweetened or spiced grain products; some modern scholars suggest a confection of pressed figs, syrup-coated kernels, or aromatic spice. The context of other delicacies in Ezekiel 27:17 supports the idea of a refined, palatable staple prized beyond Israel’s borders. Economic and Cultural Significance 1. Evidence of Specialized Agriculture: The inclusion of pannag alongside high-grade wheat indicates the development of diversified crops tailored for both sustenance and commerce. Theological Implications • Covenant Faithfulness in Exile: Even as Judah faced judgment, the mention of pannag testifies that God had not revoked His agricultural blessings entirely. Ministry Insights and Applications • Stewardship: Believers today are called to steward their resources so that the excellence of Christ is evident in every sphere of life, much like Judah’s high-quality exports testified to a fertile land. Related Biblical Themes Honey as Delight—Proverbs 24:13–14 links honey’s sweetness with wisdom’s reward. Balm as Healing—Jeremiah 8:22 associates balm of Gilead with restoration, echoing the comprehensive blessing illustrated in Ezekiel 27:17. Grain Offerings—Leviticus 2 underscores that grain mixed with oil and frankincense was offered in worship, paralleling pannag’s likely composition as a sweetened grain product. Summary Pannag represents a singular yet instructive witness to Israel’s agricultural blessing, commercial reach, and latent missionary calling. Its sweet character mirrors the pleasantness of divine revelation, and its presence in the broader economy of Tyre serves as a historical reminder that the Lord equips His people with resources intended not only for their sustenance but also for the blessing of the nations. Forms and Transliterations וּפַנַּ֨ג ופנג ū·p̄an·naḡ ufanNag ūp̄annaḡLinks Interlinear Greek • Interlinear Hebrew • Strong's Numbers • Englishman's Greek Concordance • Englishman's Hebrew Concordance • Parallel TextsEnglishman's Concordance Ezekiel 27:17 HEB: בְּחִטֵּ֣י מִ֠נִּית וּפַנַּ֨ג וּדְבַ֤שׁ וָשֶׁ֙מֶן֙ NAS: of Minnith, cakes, honey, KJV: of Minnith, and Pannag, and honey, INT: the wheat of Minnith cakes honey oil 1 Occurrence |
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