What does the Bible say about sexual harassment and assault?

Definition and Context

Sexual harassment and assault refer to any unwanted or forced sexual conduct that violates the dignity of another person. Scripture consistently upholds the dignity of every human being as created in the image of God (cf. Genesis 1:27) and underscores the moral duty to respect and protect one another. Though the modern phrase “sexual harassment” does not appear in the text, the principles contained in biblical laws, narratives, and teachings point unambiguously to God’s opposition to all forms of sexual coercion or violation.

Throughout biblical history, society’s approach to sexual misconduct varied among different cultures, but the biblical code evinces a distinctive commitment to justice and respect for human life. Archaeological and manuscript evidence (such as the Dead Sea Scrolls, which preserve sections of biblical text predating the time of Christ) reinforce the reliability of these instructions. Scholars have noted that the moral standards set forth in Scripture stand in marked contrast to many of the surrounding cultures of the ancient Near East, attesting that the Bible’s commands regarding matters of personal and communal holiness are historically and textually rooted.

God’s Design for Human Dignity

From the beginning, Scripture reveals that every person is made in God’s image (Genesis 1:26–27). This foundational truth establishes universal worth, implying that any violation of another’s body is not only a social wrong but ultimately an offense against God Himself. As Psalm 8:5 expresses, humanity is crowned “with glory and honor,” pointing to the high value God bestows on each life.

This divine image-bearing implies moral responsibility. Practices that demean or damage another’s integrity—including sexual harassment or assault—therefore constitute a blatant affront to God’s order. Sexual conduct is designed within the protective boundaries of mutual honor (cf. 1 Thessalonians 4:3–4), leaving no room for coercion, intimidation, or exploitation.

Old Testament Cases and Legal Protections

1. Legal Prohibitions and Penalties

Deuteronomy contains detailed legislation on sexual misconduct—aimed at safeguarding the community from injustice. Deuteronomy 22:25–27 addresses a scenario where a woman is forced and clarifies that she is innocent and the perpetrator alone bears guilt: “But if out in the countryside a man finds a young woman pledged to be married and he forces her and lies with her, only the man who has done this must die.” This passage underscores God’s high seriousness in punishing the perpetrator while protecting the victim.

While modern laws differ in specifics, it is clear that the biblical principle is rooted in the recognition that non-consensual actions are crimes against both the individual and God’s moral law.

2. Narratives Illustrating Violations

• In 2 Samuel 13:1–19, we find the assault of Tamar by her half-brother, Amnon. Tamar resists, pleading, “do not do this wicked thing…such a thing is not done in Israel!” (v. 12). Amnon’s refusal to heed her protest led to personal and familial tragedy. This narrative highlights the horror of sexual violation and the significant fallout it creates in families and communities.

• Joseph’s experience in Genesis 39:7–23 shows that even attempted coercion (Potiphar’s wife pressuring him) is recognized as a grave sin. Joseph resists with words showing both moral conviction and recognition of his master’s trust, insisting that such an act would be an offense against God (v. 9).

These narratives bolster the biblical stance: sexual misconduct, whether attempted or completed, is contrary to God’s character of justice and love.

New Testament Teachings on Sexual Conduct and Honor

1. Call to Holiness and Respect

The New Testament consistently affirms Old Testament moral principles, insisting on purity and respect among believers. In 1 Thessalonians 4:3–7, Paul exhorts believers to “abstain from sexual immorality…that each of you will learn to control his own body in a way that is holy and honorable.” Any form of harassment or assault violates this command, as it exploits rather than honors the other person.

2. Responsibility Toward the Vulnerable

Galatians 6:2 speaks generally of bearing one another’s burdens. Though not specifically about sexual harm, the principle applies in that believers are called to protect and support those who are wronged. Ephesians 5:3–4 urges believers to put away any hint of sexual immorality, impurity, or coarse joking—reminding the community to cultivate safe environments and purify attitudes toward one another.

3. Condemnation of Exploitation

Jesus laid bare the seriousness of lustful intent in Matthew 5:28: “But I tell you that anyone who looks at a woman to lust after her has already committed adultery with her in his heart.” This internal dimension of sin extends to—and certainly includes—any exploitative or harassing mindset that seeks sexual advantage without consent. By addressing the heart and motive, Scripture cuts off the root of harassment and assault before it bears outward fruit.

Scriptural Principles for Addressing Sexual Harassment and Assault

1. Accountability and Justice

Romans 13:1–4 maintains that governing authorities should be agents of justice, punishing wrongdoers. In a modern sense, this means that perpetrators of sexual harassment and assault are subject to legal consequences and must be held accountable. Biblical teaching—both in the Law and the Prophets—long asserts that leaders are responsible for ensuring a community free of oppression or abuse.

2. Compassionate Care and Restoration

The Scriptures emphasize mercy and care for those who suffer injustice. Isaiah 1:17 says, “Learn to do right; seek justice and correct the oppressor; defend the fatherless and plead the cause of the widow.” By extension, those who experience sexual harm need the support, advocacy, and love of the faith community. Christians are called to mirror God’s compassion, acknowledging the damage done and working actively toward healing.

3. Role of Repentance and Reconciliation

If a perpetrator repents (cf. 1 John 1:9), forgiveness can be offered; however, forgiveness never negates the legal or moral consequences of assault. Repentance involves acknowledging wrongdoing, seeking forgiveness from the victim, and willingly embracing accountability. While the Bible offers hope for redemption in Christ, it does not minimize the weight of injustice or the need for appropriate restitution wherever possible (Luke 19:8).

4. Creating Safe Communities

Church leaders and members bear responsibility for establishing ethical guidelines and safe structures. Titus 2:7 encourages believers to set an example in purity and dignity, showing integrity in conduct. This involves fostering an environment where allegations of harassment and assault are taken seriously, investigated responsibly, and addressed promptly.

Practical Application for Believers and Communities

1. Education and Prevention

Regular teaching on biblical sexuality, boundaries, and mutual honor can help prevent harassment. Echoing the principle of Hosea 4:6, “My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge,” ignorance of healthy relational standards and respectful conduct can create a climate where offenses go unchecked. In modern times, professional training and clear policies reflect this biblical call to preserve integrity and justice.

2. Support for Victims

The church is called to provide spiritual, emotional, and practical support for survivors. This includes resources such as counseling, crisis intervention, and ensuring a safe environment to share experiences. James 5:16 speaks of confession and prayer as part of healing within the faith community, though it does not replace the need for professional or legal help.

3. Accountability Structures

Scripture endorses accountability (Matthew 18:15–17), wherein community members address sin constructively. Proper oversight in ministries and community settings (e.g., thorough background checks, transparent leadership, and reporting procedures) protects against abuses of power.

4. Christ-Centered Hope

For those harmed by sexual misconduct, there is comfort in God’s justice and promise of ultimate healing. Revelation 21:4 looks forward to the day when God “will wipe away every tear…there will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain.” This eschatological hope gives believers confidence that wrongdoing will be judged and that healing is rooted in the redemptive work of Christ.

Conclusion

The biblical witness—reinforced by historical and textual evidence—presents a consistent, unyielding stance against sexual harassment and assault. From Old Testament laws to New Testament teachings, Scripture addresses both the heart attitude and the outward act. God’s design for human relationships is anchored in protecting dignity, practicing mutual honor, and seeking justice when that dignity is violated.

Communities shaped by Scripture are thus called to uphold justice, protect the vulnerable, and offer compassionate care and accountability. Consequently, Scripture condemns all forms of sexual violation, holding perpetrators responsible and urging the faith community to embody the love and holiness God intended. The teaching of the Bible on this topic remains thoroughly relevant, offering hope, healing, and a clear moral standard.

(Berean Standard Bible quotations used throughout.)