What does the Bible say about changing last names? Introduction Changing last names is a modern practice shaped by cultural, legal, and familial traditions. In the ancient context of Scripture, family or tribal associations were typically affirmed by phrases such as “son of” or by reference to one’s place of origin. The Bible contains many accounts of significant name changes—though these are not surnames in the modern sense—and broader teaching relevant to how believers consider name or identity. Below is a comprehensive look at what the Bible indicates surrounding names and identity, along with principles that can guide believers in questions about changing last names. 1. Old Testament Use of Names In biblical times, last names did not function the way they do in many modern societies. Instead, individuals were often identified by family or place. For example, one might be called “Elisha son of Shaphat” (1 Kings 19:19) or “Mary Magdalene,” referring to Mary from Magdala (Luke 8:2). Names also carried meanings significant to one’s calling or circumstances. In the Old Testament, genealogies were central to establish lineage, inheritance, and tribal affiliations (1 Chronicles 1–9). These recorded lines of descent were not based on “last names” but on paternal lineage. From these genealogies, we see an emphasis on continuity and belonging rather than the specific structure of a name—affirming that one’s identity is tied to family history and faith heritage, rather than the mechanics of naming systems. 2. Examples of God-Ordained Name Changes While the concept of “last names” did not exist in biblical Israel the way it does today, we do encounter divinely initiated name changes: 1. Abram to Abraham: “No longer will your name be Abram; instead, your name will be Abraham, for I have made you a father of many nations” (Genesis 17:5). 2. Sarai to Sarah: “God also said to Abraham, ‘As for Sarai your wife, do not call her Sarai, for her name will be Sarah’” (Genesis 17:15). 3. Jacob to Israel: “Then the man said, ‘Your name will no longer be Jacob, but Israel, because you have struggled with God and with men, and you have prevailed’” (Genesis 32:28). These changes signified new phases in God’s plan or a deeper revelation of a person’s role. They reflect how Scripture connects names with identity, destiny, and covenant relationship. Yet these were given names (first names) rather than the kinds of surnames used today. 3. New Testament Developments By New Testament times, the Jewish people might identify themselves by paternal lineage or by city of origin (e.g., “Joseph of Arimathea” in Mark 15:43). Among Greeks and Romans, naming conventions differed, sometimes including multiple names; still, we do not see parallels to contemporary last-name customs. Jesus also recognized the significance of names in identity. Notably, He called Simon “Peter,” meaning “rock” (John 1:42). This new name signified Peter’s role and mission within the early Church. Yet again, this is not akin to changing a surname for legal or familial reasons. It remains a first-name designation that symbolizes spiritual transformation. The New Testament genealogies (e.g., Matthew 1:1–17; Luke 3:23–38) also reflect a concern for lineage, especially in demonstrating messianic fulfillment. Yet believers today are told their ultimate identity is in Christ (Galatians 3:28), rather than in any particular earthly naming tradition. 4. Cultural and Legal Context of Modern Surnames Scripture does not contain explicit references to the modern practice of adopting or changing a last name, whether due to marriage, adoption, or personal preference. Traditional naming practices in many cultures allow a bride to take on the surname of her husband upon marriage, symbolizing unity of the household. Others may retain or hyphenate their last names. Some cultures use the wife’s family name or merge both. Because the Bible is silent on modern “surnames,” one should remember that no passage of Scripture either prescribes or forbids this particular practice. Instead, biblical principles of unity, honor, and witness can guide individuals as they consider a change of name. 5. Biblical Principles Guiding Decisions A. Unity in Marriage and Family Ephesians 5:31 speaks of a husband and wife becoming “one flesh.” This unity can be reflected in shared names and identities, especially when it fosters oneness and clarity within the family. Changing or not changing a surname can be approached thoughtfully, seeking to preserve harmony and respect cultural contexts. B. Honor and Responsibility Proverbs 22:1 states, “A good name is more desirable than great riches.” While the verse addresses reputation and character rather than a literal family name, it underscores the truth that believers should uphold the honor of bearing a “good name.” Whether adopting a new surname or maintaining a birth name, the focus remains on living with integrity that glorifies God, so the “good name” is maintained (Ecclesiastes 7:1). C. Identity in Christ Ultimately, believers’ identity is rooted in being children of God (Romans 8:16–17). Regardless of one’s chosen surname, Scripture reveals that “there is no Greek or Jew...but Christ is all and in all” (Colossians 3:11). This transforms how we view ourselves and any family name we might bear, anchoring us first in spiritual kinship and overriding anxieties about worldly labels. 6. Pastoral and Practical Considerations From a pastoral standpoint, the issue of changing surnames can involve personal conviction, heritage, or preference. Some factors to consider: • Family Heritage: Certain individuals feel a strong connection to ancestral lines or family legacy. • Legal/Administrative Simplicity: A shared surname can simplify legal and familial documents, though not mandated by Scripture. • Ministry and Witness: Some believers may consider how their decision impacts their testimony or their extended family’s perception of Christian unity. In each scenario, prayer, wise counsel, and honoring family bonds offer valuable guidance. The Bible does not impose a singular “rule,” but it does call believers to act in love, seeking to bless their families and communities with unity and peace (Romans 12:18). 7. Conclusion Because biblical teaching predates modern customs of surname changes, no direct command exists specifically governing this practice. Rather, Scripture highlights principles of identity, unity, and character, urging believers to maintain integrity and, above all, to find their primary identity in Christ. Changing one’s last name—whether for marriage or any other reason—is a personal decision that should be weighed with prayer, practical consideration, and respect for God’s timeless truths about love, unity, and personal witness. In every circumstance, seeking to glorify God stands as the highest priority. As Romans 14:5 reminds us regarding personal decisions, “Each one should be fully convinced in his own mind.” Ultimately, the Bible’s overarching message is not about the surname itself, but about one’s standing before God and commitment to living according to His love and righteousness. Whether one chooses to assume a different last name or retain the original, faithfulness to Christ remains paramount—and in that, believers find the unity and identity that truly matter. |
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