What defines militarism?

Definition and Scope

Militarism is an ideology or system of thought that places primacy on a nation’s or group's military strength, viewing armed force as a primary or even preferred means for addressing conflict. It emphasizes institutional military power, the glorification of warfare, and the belief that political goals can and often should be achieved through the application of military force. Historically, this has influenced how governments structure contingents of armed forces, how individuals respond to the prospect of war, and how societies allocate resources toward maintaining or expanding military capabilities.

From a biblical standpoint, the issue is not simply having a standing defense or maintaining order—Scripture contains narratives of military battles and acknowledges the reality of conflict. The core issue involves whether trust rests in God’s sovereignty or in human armaments. As Psalm 20:7 declares, “Some trust in chariots and others in horses, but we trust in the name of the LORD our God.”

Historical and Cultural Context

Throughout history, empires like Assyria, Babylon, Persia, and Rome demonstrated militarism in their expansionary campaigns, relying heavily on military power to conquer new territories. Archaeological discoveries in sites such as Nineveh (ancient capital of Assyria) confirm the prowess and cruelty of these armies, evidenced by siege ramps and carved reliefs depicting brutal conquests.

In the biblical narrative, Israel faced powerful neighbors often fueled by militaristic ambitions. The Old Testament details how, at various points, Israelite kings would form alliances rooted in military might rather than reliance on divine protection (2 Kings 16:7–9). These alliances frequently led to compromise and idolatry.

Biblical Examples of Warfare and Defense

1. God-Directed Battles

There are instances when God directly commanded Israel to fight. Deuteronomy 20 outlines regulations for warfare, including moral considerations (Deut. 20:16–18). At times, Israel’s victory was clearly attributed to divine intervention, not merely human strategy (Joshua 6:2–5). This underscores a crucial distinction between just defense under God’s guidance and unchecked militarism that glorifies war for its own sake.

2. King David’s Military Campaigns

King David is often cited for his military success. Yet despite many victories, his reflections consistently elevate God’s providence over human valor: “He teaches my hands to war; my arms can bend a bow of bronze” (2 Samuel 22:35). The biblical record portrays David’s campaigns as part of God’s plan for establishing Israel, yet also shows David’s reliance on the Lord rather than his own might (Psalm 33:16–17).

3. Warning to Kings

In Deuteronomy 17:16, kings of Israel are cautioned, “The king must not acquire great numbers of horses for himself.” This command aimed at preventing reliance on military force over obedience to God. The Scripture here preserves the principle that militarism—trusting in arms above all—directly conflicts with faith in the Creator.

Spiritual Perspectives on Militarism

1. Trust in God vs. Armaments

Scripture consistently draws a contrast between human weaponry and divine power. Psalm 44:6–7 says, “For I do not trust in my bow, nor does my sword deliver me. For You save us from our enemies; You put those who hate us to shame.” Militarism, by placing confidence in human weapons, diametrically opposes a faith-filled dependence on God.

2. Consequences of Exalting Military Power

Historical and modern accounts demonstrate that militaristic societies often experience heightened aggression, insularity, and ethical decline. In biblical terms, a reliance on force—apart from godly principles—can invite divine judgment. Isaiah 31:1 warns: “Woe to those who go down to Egypt for help, who rely on horses, who trust in the abundance of chariots and in the multitude of horsemen. They do not look to the Holy One of Israel; they do not seek the LORD.”

Just War vs. Militarism

1. Defense and Protection

The Bible does not forbid self-defense or defending the vulnerable (cf. Nehemiah 4:14). Justice and protection of life remain consistent biblical themes, suggesting that force may be used as a last resort to restrain evil. However, just defense differs from the pursuit of conquest or trust in violence.

2. Seeking Peace

The teaching of Scripture is that followers of God should pursue peace whenever possible: “Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called sons of God” (Matthew 5:9). A militaristic outlook often undermines peacemaking efforts, favoring conflict over reconciliation.

3. Kingdom Values

Christians are ultimately called to an allegiance that transcends earthly powers. Jesus clarified: “My kingdom is not of this world. If it were, My servants would fight” (John 18:36). This statement points to a spiritual kingdom where love, faith, and righteousness supplant militaristic pursuits.

Balancing Earthly Governance and Faith

The New Testament acknowledges governing authorities (Romans 13:1–4) and concedes a role for them in punishing evil. Those in governmental positions may bear the sword as part of maintaining order. Yet militarism goes beyond prudent defense, instead inflating the power and prestige of the military machine above all else.

Historically, societies that promote militarism without moral or spiritual restraint have left records of violence and oppression. Archaeological evidence from ancient city-states in the Near East, for instance, testifies to the near-perennial state of warfare, with fortifications and mass graves attesting to relentless conflict. By contrast, biblical teachings consistently point to justice, humility, and trust in God as the foundation for national well-being.

Practical Considerations for Believers

1. Discernment in a Military Culture

Believers are called to exercise wisdom. In contexts where militarism saturates culture, Christ-followers should carefully evaluate how they engage with national duties, including military service. While Scripture does not forbid such service, it insists on loyalty to truth and upright conduct.

2. Prayer and Intercession

The biblical model encourages prayer for leaders (1 Timothy 2:1–2) and for peace. Regardless of a nation’s martial stance, believers can intercede for godly wisdom among policymakers and for conflicts to be resolved with justice.

3. Testimony of Peace and Compassion

The Christian witness includes compassion for enemies (Matthew 5:44). Even amidst necessary defense, an attitude of love remains paramount, exemplified by caring for captives, refugees, and victims of war.

Summation

Militarism, at its core, elevates human military strength as a chief solution to conflict. While Scripture does not oppose legitimate defense or the responsible use of force to uphold justice, it does denounce prideful reliance on military might that overshadows trust in God. Historical examples illustrate that militaristic cultures often forsake moral restraint for expansionism and glory through conquest.

The biblical perspective balances the reality of conflict in a fallen world with a greater call: to walk in faith, rely on divine guidance, pursue peace, protect the vulnerable, and honor God above all. Whether in ancient Israel or modern nations, the caution against militarism stands as an enduring reminder that ultimate security is found in the Creator, who governs history and calls humankind to a higher path of righteousness and peace.