What does dominion over animals mean?

Understanding the Concept of Dominion

Dominion over animals refers to humanity’s God-given responsibility and authority over the creatures of the earth. It is a commission first introduced in the opening chapter of Genesis: “Then God said, ‘Let Us make man in Our image, after Our likeness, to rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, and over all the earth itself and every creature that crawls upon it.’” (Genesis 1:26). This foundational instruction lays the groundwork for how humans are to interact with the animal kingdom.

When Scripture uses the term “dominion,” it does not imply ruthless exploitation or disregard. Instead, the word carries the connotation of wise stewardship, benevolent care, and thoughtful governance. Dominion is more than just control; it is guardianship, requiring love, compassion, and respect for living creatures.

Dominion in the Context of Creation

At the heart of dominion is the belief that there is a Creator who formed both humanity and animals. Genesis 1 presents a sequential account of how the world and all living things came into existence. This portion of Scripture is often corroborated by anecdotal and historical evidence pointing to the uniqueness and complexity of life:

• Scientific findings in biochemistry and molecular biology have revealed the vast complexity within cellular structures, echoing the idea that humans and animals alike are purposefully designed.

• Geological records and archaeological discoveries in regions such as Mesopotamia reveal early human interaction with domesticated animals, reflecting the very “ruling over” that Genesis 1 proclaims.

These observations dovetail with the biblical narrative of a Creator who fashioned the universe and gave humanity a special place and purpose. “And God blessed them and said to them, ‘Be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and every creature that crawls upon the earth.’” (Genesis 1:28).

How Dominion Relates to Stewardship

Although the language of “rule” and “subdue” might initially sound severe, the broader biblical context clarifies the nature of this rule. Scripture conveys that humans are to cultivate and care for creation, reflecting the character of the One who entrusted them with such responsibility. This is illustrated in Genesis 2:15: “Then the LORD God took the man and placed him in the Garden of Eden to cultivate and keep it.” The Hebrew word often rendered “keep” can also mean “guard” or “preserve,” underscoring an aspect of protection.

Throughout the Old and New Testaments, a recurring theme is that the earth—far from being our own—ultimately belongs to the Creator. Thus, the call to dominion is an invitation to mirror the Creator’s love and care over all living things. Examples of this stewardship mentality can be seen in instructions such as Deuteronomy 22:6–7 on caring for birds and their nests, highlighting a compassionate approach to creatures.

Balancing Authority with Compassion

Humanity’s authority over animals must be balanced with mercy. Proverbs 12:10 notes, “A righteous man regards the life of his animal, but the tender mercies of the wicked are only cruelty.” This proverb underscores the moral dimension of how humans ought to treat the animals under their care.

Balancing authority with compassion means:

1. Recognizing that all creatures have value because they are created by God.

2. Using resources judiciously, never wantonly wasting or destroying animals.

3. Applying wisdom in the management and preservation of different species, ensuring that the earth’s biodiversity is respected and maintained.

Historical and Cultural Perspectives

In biblical times, livestock, birds, and other creatures played important economic, social, and cultural roles. From herding goats and sheep to using donkeys for transportation, animals were integral to daily life.

Archaeological examples from the ancient Near East—such as clay artifacts depicting domestic animals—demonstrate that the role of shepherd, farmer, and caretaker was prominent. Such findings align with the biblical narrative, revealing that humans understood their role in cultivating land and managing livestock.

Various ancient writings beyond the Bible also speak about treating animals ethically, yet the biblical texts offer a distinct perspective by presenting humanity’s authority not as autonomous but as endowed by the Creator and accountable to Him.

New Testament Insights on Dominion

Although the specific term “dominion over animals” appears most directly in Genesis, the New Testament affirms the principle of faithful management over what has been entrusted to believers. For instance, in Luke 12:42, Jesus speaks of a faithful and wise manager who is put in charge of the master’s household. This broader principle of managing well what is entrusted can be applied to how we handle animals and the rest of creation.

Moreover, Christ, as the ultimate expression of self-sacrifice and love, provides an example of leadership marked by humility, compassion, and service. Such an example remains a guiding principle for how authority should be exercised—even in the “lesser” domain of governing animals.

Philosophical and Behavioral Considerations

In philosophical and behavioral terms, dominion asserts human responsibility. Observational studies of animal behavior across various habitats confirm that each species is remarkably suited to its environment. Caring for or managing animals should reflect a respectful acknowledgement of their inherent design and place in ecosystems.

From a behavioral science perspective, those who exercise power over animals and creation without empathy often demonstrate a misunderstanding or misuse of that power. On the other hand, considerate and wise dominion fosters well-being and community health, aligning with the biblical concept of nurturing rather than abusing power.

Practical Applications

1. Ethical Treatment Practices: By respecting creaturely needs, one aligns with the biblical directive to care for what's entrusted. This can involve humane farming methods, responsible pet ownership, and wildlife conservation strategies.

2. Sustainable Resource Management: Dominion invites long-term thinking. Ensuring that animal populations remain balanced and that habitats are preserved for future generations upholds the “cultivate and keep” principle.

3. Acts of Compassion: Acts like rescuing injured animals or preserving endangered species honor the biblical view of stewardship. These actions mirror the compassion woven throughout Scripture.

4. Personal Accountability: Individuals are encouraged to consider how their choices—be it food consumption, recreational activities, or industry practices—impact the animals under their influence. Awareness and mindful action serve as fitting responses to the biblical call to watch over creation.

Connection to the Ultimate Purpose

While dominion involves caring for animals, it also fits within a greater purpose. The attentive stewardship of creation points to the One who originally created all things good. Humans, bearing God’s image, exhibit His loving governance when they watch over animals with wisdom and mercy. This careful oversight is part of glorifying the Creator in daily life.

Conclusion

Dominion over animals, as presented in Scripture, upholds both authority and responsibility. Genesis establishes human rule over the animal kingdom, but the Bible’s broader narrative places that rule within the framework of stewardship, compassion, and accountability to the Creator.

From archaeological findings that affirm humanity’s early animal husbandry practices to modern scientific studies of the care and management of living creatures, the evidence aligns with biblical teaching. Instead of licensing cruelty or exploitation, dominion calls for thoughtful governance—one that reflects the benevolent character of the One who granted it. As individuals cultivate a respectful relationship with creation, they fulfill a charge that was established “in the beginning,” serving both to sustain life on earth and to honor the Giver of life.