Should communion use wine or grape juice?

Historical and Cultural Context

From biblical times through much of church history, fermented wine was commonly used during the memorial of the Lord’s Supper. Wine was the standard drink of the region, and as early as Genesis, we see references to grapevines and the cultural significance of wine (cf. Genesis 9:20–21). In the Old Testament temple offerings, wine was included (Exodus 29:40), reflecting its availability and integral role in worship practices.

In the early church, references to the Lord’s Supper often mention the “fruit of the vine” (Matthew 26:29). In the first-century context, that phrase typically implied wine (albeit often in diluted form). It is worth noting that in most ancient cultures, the fermentation process was a common means of preserving grape-derived beverages in a climate without refrigeration or modern preservation techniques.

Scriptural Terminology: “Fruit of the Vine”

Matthew 26:27–29 says: “Then He took the cup, gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, ‘Drink from it, all of you. This is My blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins… I tell you, I will not drink of this fruit of the vine from now on until that day when I drink it anew with you in My Father’s kingdom.’” The phrase “fruit of the vine” is widely understood within the context of that era as wine made from grapes.

However, many argue that whether a congregation uses fully fermented wine or grape juice, the “fruit of the vine” symbol remains intact. The essential element is that it be from grapes and that it function symbolically as a remembrance of Christ’s shed blood. The important scriptural emphasis is on the symbolism of Christ’s sacrifice.

Alcohol Use and Christian Liberty

Some churches opt to use grape juice out of sensitivity to those with issues involving alcohol, whether personal conviction, history of alcoholism, or cultural context. Romans 14:13–21 teaches believers not to place stumbling blocks before one another. If wine causes confusion or temptation, certain congregations will choose an unfermented product out of pastoral care.

Nevertheless, others stress the continuity with historical Christian practice and the biblical precedent for wine. First Corinthians 11:23–26, where Paul reiterates the instructions on the Lord’s Supper, implies a communal cup common in the church gatherings of that day—and most likely it was fermented wine. The precise fermentation level and mixture with water varied, but the intention was to follow the example Christ Himself set.

Symbolism of the Blood of Christ

Symbolically, wine has long been associated with Christ’s blood because of its color and the biblical references connecting wine to the concept of divine blessing and covenant. For instance, at the wedding in Cana (John 2:1–11), Jesus turned water into wine, signifying abundance and blessing. Similarly, during Passover, wine was part of the traditional meal, linking the idea of sacrificial blood to the fruit of the vine in remembrance.

However, grape juice, literally the unfermented “fruit of the vine,” can likewise serve this function. Its color and form still evoke the blood of Christ. Archivally and theologically, many Protestant churches in the 19th century introduced grape juice to avoid any association with drunkenness or scandal (especially during the temperance movement). Whether one uses wine or grape juice, the key theological point remains: “For as often as you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until He comes” (1 Corinthians 11:26).

Pastoral Considerations

1. Conscience and Freedom

Romans 14 and 1 Corinthians 8 highlight the importance of considering believers’ consciences. If a church’s context finds that even minimal alcohol content may hinder some believers’ faith or offend guests, congregations sometimes opt for grape juice. The unity of the body and avoiding needless offense can be more vital than strict adherence to a particular beverage.

2. Historical Continuity

Church history reveals that for centuries, believers used wine. Early church writings (such as Justin Martyr’s First Apology, around the mid-2nd century) confirm the use of wine in communion. As it was preserved in many of the earliest church practices, some denominations prefer to continue this tradition.

3. Practical Scope

Scripture does not explicitly command the alcoholic content of the communion cup. The call is to take the cup in readiness of heart and remembrance of Christ’s sacrifice. Hence, many churches accommodate by offering both options to their congregants.

Archaeological Insights and Cultural Practices

Archaeological findings in the ancient Near East confirm widespread wine production and storage. Grapes were harvested and pressed, and the resulting liquid was placed in wineskins or jars to ferment. This historical fact shows that the “fruit of the vine” in biblical contexts would usually be (at least mildly) alcoholic wine during that era.

Yet, fermentation in those times was not uniform. Different regions diluted wine with water to various degrees, mitigating its strength. These geographical and cultural considerations help explain why some interpret “fruit of the vine” as a term broad enough to include both lightly fermented and even fresh, unfermented juice in some contexts.

Doctrine and Unity

Christian unity on non-essential matters is a recurring mandate in the New Testament (Ephesians 4:3–6). Many scholars, historians, and theologians note that whether using wine or grape juice, the heart posture is key. The primary focus is remembrance of Christ’s sacrifice and fellowship with other believers in the covenant community. It is a voluntary act that reflects Christ’s new covenant in His blood (Luke 22:20).

Practical Conclusions

1. Wine

• Historically authentic to Jesus’ original practice.

• Rich theological linkage to the symbolism of shed blood.

• Emphasizes continuity with early church usage.

2. Grape Juice

• Maintains the symbolic color and essence of “fruit of the vine.”

• Avoids issues for congregants who struggle with or oppose alcohol.

• Honors Romans 14 principles regarding conscience and stumbling blocks.

In either choice, the critical factor is genuine remembrance of Christ’s atoning death and resurrection, in line with 1 Corinthians 11:24–26. Churches can responsibly and respectfully choose based on their heritage, cultural context, and pastoral sensitivity.

Conclusion

Scripture describes the drink for communion as the “fruit of the vine.” Historically and contextually, this almost certainly referred to fermented wine. However, the New Testament does not make the level of fermentation a doctrinal requirement. Both wine and grape juice can faithfully picture the blood of Christ. The emphasis in Scripture remains on the symbolism and significance of Christ’s sacrifice.

Whether a congregation uses wine or grape juice, believers are called to unity and love for one another (Ephesians 4:3–6), ensuring that the intended memorial of Christ’s shed blood remains central. Therefore, each church community can prayerfully determine the most edifying approach, with sensitivity to conscience, tradition, and biblical teaching.