Acts 12:21
On the appointed day, Herod donned his royal robes, sat on his throne, and addressed the people.
On the appointed day
This phrase indicates a specific time set aside for a significant event. In the historical context, this was likely a public festival or a day of celebration, possibly in honor of the Roman Emperor or a local deity. The Greek word for "appointed" (τακτός, taktos) suggests a prearranged or fixed time, emphasizing the importance and anticipation surrounding this occasion. It reflects the structured nature of Roman and Jewish societies, where such events were meticulously planned and executed.

Herod
This refers to Herod Agrippa I, the grandson of Herod the Great. Herod Agrippa was a ruler known for his political acumen and his ability to navigate the complex relationships between the Roman Empire and the Jewish people. Historically, Herod Agrippa was a figure who sought to maintain favor with both the Jewish populace and the Roman authorities, often walking a delicate line between the two. His actions in this chapter reflect his desire for power and recognition.

donned his royal robes
The act of donning royal robes signifies Herod's assertion of authority and status. The Greek word for "robes" (ἐσθής, esthēs) implies garments of splendor and majesty, often associated with royalty and high office. This attire was not merely for show but was a symbol of his kingly power and the divine right he claimed to rule. In a spiritual sense, this can be contrasted with the humility of Christ, who, though King of Kings, chose to serve rather than be served.

sat on his throne
Sitting on a throne is a universal symbol of authority and judgment. The throne (θρόνος, thronos) in ancient times was not just a seat but a representation of the ruler's power and the center of governance. Herod's act of sitting on his throne was a public display of his dominion and control over the people. In a biblical context, it serves as a reminder of the ultimate throne of God, which surpasses all earthly power.

and addressed the people
Herod's address to the people was likely a speech designed to win favor and assert his dominance. The Greek word for "addressed" (ἐδημηγόρει, edēmēgorei) suggests a formal oration, often used to sway public opinion or demonstrate authority. This moment is pivotal, as it sets the stage for the subsequent events where Herod's pride leads to his downfall. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of seeking human adulation over divine approval.

Persons / Places / Events
1. Herod Agrippa I
The king of Judea, known for his persecution of the early church. He is the central figure in this passage, showcasing his pride and desire for glory.

2. Royal Robes
Symbolic of Herod's authority and earthly power. His attire signifies his attempt to project majesty and command respect from the people.

3. Throne
Represents Herod's position of power and judgment. It is a place where he exercises his authority over the people.

4. The People
The audience Herod addresses, who later attribute divine qualities to him, leading to his downfall.

5. The Appointed Day
A specific time set for Herod to make a public appearance, possibly during a festival or significant event, highlighting the ceremonial nature of the occasion.
Teaching Points
The Danger of Pride
Herod's account is a cautionary tale about the perils of pride and self-exaltation. Believers are reminded to remain humble and give glory to God alone.

God's Sovereignty Over Earthly Powers
Despite Herod's earthly authority, God's ultimate control is evident. Christians can find comfort in knowing that God is sovereign over all rulers and events.

The Consequences of Idolatry
Herod's acceptance of divine praise from the people serves as a warning against idolatry, both in giving and receiving undue honor.

The Importance of Humility
Believers are encouraged to cultivate humility, recognizing that all authority and success come from God.
Bible Study Questions
1. How does Herod's behavior in Acts 12:21 reflect the dangers of pride, and what can we learn from his example about the importance of humility?

2. In what ways does the account of Herod Agrippa I illustrate the biblical principle found in Proverbs 16:18, and how can this principle be applied in our daily lives?

3. How does God's response to Herod's actions in Acts 12:21-23 demonstrate His sovereignty, and how can this understanding impact our view of current world leaders?

4. What are some modern-day examples of idolatry, and how can we guard against giving or receiving glory that belongs to God alone?

5. How can the account of Herod Agrippa I encourage us to trust in God's ultimate authority and justice, especially when faced with unjust or prideful leaders?
Connections to Other Scriptures
Daniel 4
The account of King Nebuchadnezzar's pride and subsequent humbling by God parallels Herod's situation, emphasizing the theme of divine sovereignty over human rulers.

Isaiah 42:8
This verse underscores God's declaration that He will not share His glory with another, which is relevant to Herod's acceptance of divine praise.

Proverbs 16:18
The principle that pride precedes destruction is vividly illustrated in Herod's account.
Sin in High PlacesW. Clarkson Acts 12:1-19, 24
The Persecution At JerusalemE. Johnson Acts 12:1-25
The Strength and Weakness of Christian DiscipleshipW. Clarkson Acts 12:1-19, 25
Christian PersistencyH. C. Trumbull.Acts 12:12-25
Forgetfulness Through JoyT. McCullagh.Acts 12:12-25
John MarkW. Brock.Acts 12:12-25
RhodaA. Maclaren, D. D.Acts 12:12-25
RhodaJ. Wells, M. A.Acts 12:12-25
Surprised by Answers to PrayerC. H. Spurgeon.Acts 12:12-25
The Girl Who was Called MadA. McAuslane, D. D.Acts 12:12-25
The Special Prayer MeetingC. H. Spurgeon.Acts 12:12-25
Danger of FlatteryActs 12:19-25
Flattery AnsweredActs 12:19-25
Flattery RebukedActs 12:19-25
Fleeting HonourActs 12:19-25
God's Ministers of RetributionArchdeacon Farrar.Acts 12:19-25
Herod Smitten by the AngelD. Thomas, D. D.Acts 12:19-25
Herod's DeathSchleirmacher.Acts 12:19-25
Royal PietyClerical AnecdotesActs 12:19-25
The Certainty of RetributionT. Guthrie, D. D.Acts 12:19-25
The Death of HerodDean Close.Acts 12:19-25
The Death of HerodBp. Hacket.Acts 12:19-25
The Law of ReprisalScientific IllustrationsActs 12:19-25
This World's HonourMartin Boos.Acts 12:19-25
Human Pride and Divine RetributionW. Clarkson Acts 12:20-23
Judgment on the Royal PersecutorR.A. Redford Acts 12:20-23
The Death of HerodE. Johnson Acts 12:20-25
Hollow Grandeur ExposedP.C. Barker Acts 12:21-23
People
Barnabas, Blastus, Christians, Herod, James, John, Mark, Mary, Peter, Rhoda, Saul, Sidonians
Places
Caesarea, Jerusalem, Judea, Sidon, Tyre
Topics
Address, Apparel, Appointed, Arrayed, Clothed, Clothing, Delivered, Delivering, Dressed, Elevated, Fixed, Haranguing, Herod, Honour, Kingly, Making, Oration, Public, Robes, Rostrum, Royal, Sat, Seat, Seated, Sitting, Speech, Statement, Throne, Tribunal, Wearing
Dictionary of Bible Themes
Acts 12:21

     5145   clothing
     5177   robes
     5581   throne
     9230   judgment seat

Acts 12:18-23

     4113   angels, agents of judgment

Acts 12:19-23

     5366   king

Acts 12:21-22

     8747   false gods

Acts 12:21-23

     5594   tribute
     5848   exaggeration
     8748   false religion
     8796   persecution, forms of
     8805   pride, results
     9021   death, natural

Library
Hebrew and Greek Text.
We now pass from what may be called the outward history of the Revision to the inward nature and character of the work of the Revisers, and may naturally divide that work into two portions--their labours as regards the original text, and their labours in regard of rendering and translation. I. First, then, as regards the original text of the Old Testament. Here the work of the Old Testament Company was very slight as compared with that of the New Testament Company. The latter Company had, almost
C. J. Ellicott—Addresses on the Revised Version of Holy Scripture

November 10. "But Prayer was Made Without Ceasing, of the Church unto God for Him" (Acts xii. 5).
"But prayer was made without ceasing, of the church unto God for him" (Acts xii. 5). But prayer is the link that connects us with God. This is the bridge that spans every gulf and bears us over every abyss of danger or of need. How significant the picture of the apostolic church: Peter in prison, the Jews triumphant, Herod supreme, the arena of martyrdom awaiting the dawning of the morning to drink up the apostle's blood,--everything else against it. "But prayer was made unto God without ceasing."
Rev. A. B. Simpson—Days of Heaven Upon Earth

'Sober Certainty'
'And when Peter was come to himself, he said, Now I know of a surety, that the Lord hath sent His angel, and hath delivered me out of the hand of Herod, and from all the expectation of the people of the Jews.'--ACTS xii. 11. Where did Luke get his information of Peter's thoughts in that hour? This verse sounds like first-hand knowledge. Not impossibly John Mark may have been his informant, for we know that both were in Rome together at a later period. In any case, it is clear that, through whatever
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture: The Acts

Peter after his Escape
'But he, beckoning unto them with the hand to hold their peace, declared unto them how the Lord had brought him forth out of the prison. And he said, Go shew these things unto James, and to the brethren, And he departed, and went into another place.' --ACTS xii. 17. When the angel 'departed from him,' Peter had to fall back on his own wits, and they served him well. He 'considered the thing,' and resolved to make for the house of Mary. He does not seem to have intended to remain there, so dangerously
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture: The Acts

The Martyrdom of James
'Herod killed James the brother of John with the sword.' --ACTS xii. 2. One might have expected more than a clause to be spared to tell the death of a chief man and the first martyr amongst the Apostles. James, as we know, was one of the group of the Apostles who were in especially close connection with Jesus Christ. He is associated in the Gospels with Peter and his brother John, and is always named before John, as if he were the more important of the two, by reason of age or of other circumstances
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture: The Acts

Peter's Deliverance from Prison
'Peter therefore was kept in the prison: but prayer was made earnestly of the Church unto God for him.'--ACTS xii. 5 (R.V.) The narrative of Peter's miraculous deliverance from prison is full of little vivid touches which can only have come from himself. The whole tone of it reminds us of the Gospel according to St. Mark, which is in like manner stamped with peculiar minuteness and abundance of detail. One remembers that at a late period in the life of the Apostle Paul, Mark and Luke were together
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture: The Acts

Rhoda
A damsel ... named Rhoda.'--ACTS xii 13. 'Rhoda' means 'a rose,' and this rose has kept its bloom for eighteen hundred years, and is still sweet and fragrant! What a lottery undying fame is! Men will give their lives to earn it; and this servant-girl got it by one little act, and never knew that she had it, and I suppose she does not know to-day that, everywhere throughout the whole world where the Gospel is preached, 'this that she hath done is spoken of as a memorial to her.' Is the love of
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture: The Acts

The Angel's Touch
'And, behold, the angel of the Lord ... smote Peter.... 23. And immediately the angel of the Lord smote him [Herod].' --ACTS xii. 7, 23. The same heavenly agent performs the same action on Peter and on Herod. To the one, his touch brings freedom and the dropping off of his chains; to the other it brings gnawing agonies and a horrible death. These twofold effects of one cause open out wide and solemn thoughts, on which it is well to look. I. The one touch has a twofold effect. So it is always when
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture: The Acts

The Catholic Epistles.
1. Seven epistles, that of James and the six that follow, are called Catholic, that is, general or universal, as not being directed to any particular church. They were not all, however, addressed originally to believers generally, but some of them to particular classes of believers, or even to individuals, as the introductory words show. I. EPISTLE OF JAMES. 2. The question respecting the person of James who wrote this epistle is one of great difficulty. That "James the Lord's brother,"
E. P. Barrows—Companion to the Bible

The Peter of History and the Peter of Fiction.
No character in the New Testament is brought before us in such life-like colors, with all his virtues and faults, as that of Peter. He was frank and transparent, and always gave himself as he was, without any reserve. We may distinguish three stages in his development. In the Gospels, the human nature of Simon appears most prominent the Acts unfold the divine mission of Peter in the founding of the church, with a temporary relapse at Antioch (recorded by Paul); in his Epistles we see the complete
Philip Schaff—History of the Christian Church, Volume I

Chronology of the Apostolic Age.
See the works quoted in § 20 p. 193, 194, especially Wieseler. Comp. also, Hackett on Acts, pp. 22 to 30 (third ed.). The chronology of the apostolic age is partly certain, at least within a few years, partly conjectural: certain as to the principal events from a.d. 30 to 70, conjectural as to intervening points and the last thirty years of the first century. The sources are the New Testament (especially the Acts and the Pauline Epistles), Josephus, and the Roman historians. Josephus ( b. 37,
Philip Schaff—History of the Christian Church, Volume I

How the Gospels came to be Written
[Illustration: (drop cap B) Early Christian Lamp] But how did the story of the Saviour's life on earth come to be written? We have seen that many years passed before any one thought of writing it down at all. The men and women who had really seen Him, who had listened to His voice, looked into His face, and who knew that He had conquered death and sin for evermore, could not sit down to write, for their hearts were all on fire to speak. But as the years passed, the number of those who had seen Christ
Mildred Duff—The Bible in its Making

James the Brother of the Lord.
He pistis choris ergon nekra estin.--James 2:26 Sources. I. Genuine sources: Acts 12:17; 15:13; 21:18; 1 Cor. 15:7; Gal. 1:19; 2:9, 12. Comp. James "the brother of the Lord," Matt. 13:55; Mark 6:3; Gal. 1:19. The Epistle of James. II. Post-apostolic: Josephus: Ant. XX. 9, 1.--Hegesippus in Euseb. Hist. Ecc. II. ch. 23.--Jerome: Catal. vir. ill. c. 2, under "Jacobus." Epiphanius, Haer. XXIX. 4; XXX. 16; LXXVIII. 13 sq. III. Apocryphal: Protevangelium Jacobi, ed. in Greek by Tischendorf, in "Evangelia
Philip Schaff—History of the Christian Church, Volume I

From Gallienus to the End of the Last Persecution (Ad 261-313)
Valerian, who had treated the Christians so cruelly, came to a miserable end. He led his army into Persia, where he was defeated and taken prisoner. He was kept for some time in captivity; and we are told that he used to be led forth, loaded with chains, but with the purple robes of an emperor thrown over him, that the Persians might mock at his misfortunes. And when he had died from the effects of shame and grief, it is said that his skin was stuffed with straw, and was kept in a temple, as a remembrance
J. C. Roberston—Sketches of Church History, from AD 33 to the Reformation

Great Preparations for a Great Work
'And Hiram king of Tyre sent his servants unto Solomon; for he had heard that they had anointed him king in the room of his father: for Hiram was ever a lover of David. 2. And Solomon sent to Hiram, saying, 3. Thou knowest how that David my father could not build an house unto the name of the Lord his God for the wars which were about him on every side, until the Lord put them under the soles of his feet. 4. But now the Lord my God hath given me rest on every side, so that there is neither adversary
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture

Third Sunday after Trinity Humility, Trust, Watchfulness, Suffering
Text: 1 Peter 5, 5-11. 5 Likewise, ye younger, be subject unto the elder. Yea, all of you gird yourselves with humility, to serve one another: for God resisteth the proud, but giveth grace to the humble. 6 Humble yourselves therefore under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you in due time; 7 casting all your anxiety upon him, because he careth for you. 8 Be sober, be watchful: your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour: 9 whom withstand stedfast
Martin Luther—Epistle Sermons, Vol. III

The Universal Chorus
And every creature which is in heaven, and on the earth, and under the earth, and such as are in the sea, and all that are in them, heard I saying, Blessing, and honour, and glory, and power, be unto Him that stteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb for ever and ever. M en have generally agreed to dignify their presumptuous and arrogant ^* disquisitions on the works and ways of God, with the name of wisdom ; though the principles upon which they proceed, and the conclusions which they draw from
John Newton—Messiah Vol. 2

The Song of the Redeemed
And they sung a new song, saying, Thou ... hast redeemed us to God by Thy blood, out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation ... T he extent, variety, and order of the creation, proclaim the glory of God. He is likewise, ^* Maximus in Minimis . The smallest of the works, that we are capable of examining, such for instance as the eye or the wing of a little insect, the creature of a day, are stamped with an inimitable impression of His wisdom and power. Thus in His written Word, there
John Newton—Messiah Vol. 2

The Necessity and Benefits of Religious Society
Eccles. 4:9-12 -- "Two are better than one, because they have a good reward for their labor. For if they fall, the one will lift up his fellow: but woe be to him that is alone when he falleth; for he hath not another to help him up. Again, if two lie together, then they have heat; but how can one be warm alone? And if one prevail against him, two shall withstand him; and a threefold cord is not quickly broken. Among the many reasons assignable for the sad decay of true Christianity, perhaps the neglecting
George Whitefield—Selected Sermons of George Whitefield

The Danger of Deviating from Divine Institutions.
"Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ." St. Paul was the apostle of the Gentiles. The care of the churches gathered among them devolved particularly on him. At the writing of this epistle he had no personal acquaintance with the church to which it is addressed.* Epaphras, a bishop of the Colossians, then his fellow prisoner at Rome, had made him acquainted with their state, and the danger
Andrew Lee et al—Sermons on Various Important Subjects

The Foundation of the Church among the Heathen
A.D. 38-45 [Sidenote: A.D. 38] During St. Peter's journey, the course of God's good Providence led him to the sea-port town of Joppa, on the borders of Samaria and Judaea, and there we read that "he tarried many days," a measure of time which is supposed to be equivalent to three years. At the expiration of this time an event occurred which had a deep and lasting influence on the life of the Church of Christ. [Sidenote: Further fulfilment of the promise to St. Peter.] Hitherto no Gentiles had been
John Henry Blunt—A Key to the Knowledge of Church History

Acts 26:24-29. Portraits.
[10] "And as he thus spake for himself, Festus said with a loud voice, Paul, thou art beside thyself; much learning doth make thee mad. "But he said, I am not mad, most noble Festus; but speak forth the words of truth and soberness. "For the king knoweth of these things, before whom also I speak freely: for I am persuaded that none of these things are hidden from him; for this thing was not done in a corner. "King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets? I know that thou believest. "Then Agrippa said
John Charles Ryle—The Upper Room: Being a Few Truths for the Times

Peter Thrice Denies the Lord.
(Court of the High Priest's Residence. Friday Before and About Dawn.) ^A Matt. XXVI. 58, 69-75; ^B Mark XIV. 54, 66-72; ^C Luke XXII. 54-62; ^D John XVIII. 15-18, 25-27. ^a 58 But { ^d 15 And} Simon Peter followed Jesus [leaving Jesus in the palace of the high priest, we now turn back to the garden of Gethsemane at the time when Jesus left it under arrest, that we may follow the course of Simon Peter in his threefold denial of the Master], and so did another disciple. [This other disciple was evidently
J. W. McGarvey—The Four-Fold Gospel

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