Nahum 3:1

Woe to the city of blood, full of lies, full of plunder, never without prey.

Study Bible

Woe
The term "woe" is a powerful expression of lamentation and impending judgment. In Hebrew, the word is "hôy," often used by prophets to announce divine judgment. It signifies not just sorrow but a pronouncement of doom. This word sets the tone for the entire chapter, indicating that what follows is a serious and irrevocable declaration from God. The use of "woe" here underscores the gravity of Nineveh's sins and the certainty of its downfall.

to the city of blood
This phrase refers to Nineveh, the capital of the Assyrian Empire, notorious for its violence and brutality. The Hebrew word for "blood" is "dām," which can also imply bloodshed or murder. Historically, Nineveh was known for its ruthless military campaigns and oppressive rule over conquered peoples. The "city of blood" highlights the extent of its violence and the bloodguilt that has brought divine judgment upon it.

full of lies
The phrase "full of lies" points to the deceit and treachery that characterized Nineveh's dealings. The Hebrew word "kāzāb" means falsehood or deception. Assyria was infamous for its broken treaties and manipulative diplomacy. This deceitfulness is part of the moral corruption that has led to its condemnation. The city’s reliance on lies rather than truth is a direct affront to God, who is the God of truth.

full of plunder
This phrase indicates the wealth accumulated through conquest and exploitation. The Hebrew word "pereq" refers to spoil or loot taken by force. Nineveh's riches were amassed through the plundering of other nations, reflecting its greed and materialism. This accumulation of wealth through unjust means is another reason for its impending judgment, as it stands in stark contrast to God’s justice and righteousness.

never without prey
The phrase "never without prey" suggests a continuous cycle of violence and exploitation. The Hebrew word "ṭereph" means prey or victim. This imagery portrays Nineveh as a predator, constantly seeking new victims to devour. It highlights the relentless nature of its aggression and the insatiable appetite for domination. This perpetual state of predation is unsustainable and ultimately leads to divine retribution.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Nineveh
The capital of the Assyrian Empire, known for its great power and wealth, but also for its violence and idolatry. It is the primary focus of Nahum's prophecy.

2. Nahum
A prophet whose name means "comfort" or "consolation." He delivers a message of judgment against Nineveh, offering comfort to Judah by prophesying the downfall of their oppressor.

3. Assyrian Empire
A dominant ancient empire known for its military prowess and brutal conquests. It was a significant threat to Israel and Judah during Nahum's time.

Teaching Points

The Consequences of Sin
Nineveh's fate serves as a stark reminder that persistent sin and injustice lead to destruction. God is patient, but His justice will prevail.

God's Sovereignty
Despite Nineveh's power, God is in control. He raises and brings down nations according to His purposes.

The Importance of Truth
Nineveh is described as "full of lies." As believers, we are called to live in truth, reflecting God's character in a world often marked by deceit.

Hope for the Oppressed
Nahum's prophecy offers hope to those oppressed by unjust systems, assuring them that God sees their plight and will act in His time.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the description of Nineveh in Nahum 3:1 reflect the broader themes of justice and judgment found throughout the Bible?

2. In what ways can the account of Nineveh's downfall serve as a warning to modern societies or individuals?

3. How does the message of Nahum provide comfort to those who feel oppressed or wronged today?

4. Compare the responses of Nineveh in the books of Jonah and Nahum. What can we learn about repentance and God's mercy?

5. How can believers today ensure they are living lives marked by truth, in contrast to the deceit described in Nineveh?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Jonah
The book of Jonah also deals with Nineveh, where Jonah is sent to call the city to repentance. Unlike Nahum, Jonah's message leads to temporary repentance, highlighting God's mercy.

Isaiah 10
This chapter speaks of Assyria as the rod of God's anger, used to discipline Israel but ultimately judged for its arrogance and cruelty.

Revelation 18
The fall of Babylon in Revelation parallels the fall of Nineveh, symbolizing God's judgment on corrupt and oppressive systems.