Elkanah, a significant figure in the early chapters of 1 Samuel, is introduced as a man of Ephraim, residing in Ramathaim-zophim, in the hill country of Ephraim. He is notably recognized as the father of Samuel, the last judge of Israel and a pivotal prophet in the transition from the period of the judges to the establishment of the monarchy.

Family Background

Elkanah was a Levite, as indicated by his lineage traced back to the tribe of Levi through Kohath (1 Chronicles 6:33-38). Despite residing in the territory of Ephraim, his Levitical heritage is crucial for understanding his role and responsibilities in Israelite worship practices. Elkanah had two wives, Hannah and Peninnah. This polygamous arrangement, though culturally accepted at the time, led to familial tension, particularly because Hannah was initially barren while Peninnah had children.

The narrative in 1 Samuel 1:2-8 highlights the domestic strife, as Peninnah would provoke Hannah due to her barrenness, causing her great distress. Elkanah's love for Hannah is evident, as he would give her a double portion during sacrificial offerings, attempting to console her sorrow (1 Samuel 1:5).

Annual Worship at Shiloh

Elkanah's family is depicted as devout, making annual pilgrimages to Shiloh to worship and sacrifice to the LORD of Hosts. Shiloh was the religious center of Israel at the time, housing the tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant. This annual journey underscores Elkanah's piety and adherence to the Mosaic Law, which required such pilgrimages for major feasts (Deuteronomy 16:16).

1 Samuel 1:3 states, "Year after year this man would go up from his city to worship and sacrifice to the LORD of Hosts at Shiloh, where Eli’s two sons, Hophni and Phinehas, were priests to the LORD." This regular act of worship reflects Elkanah's commitment to his faith and his role as the spiritual leader of his household.

Hannah's Vow and Samuel's Birth

During one of these annual visits, Hannah's fervent prayer at the tabernacle marked a turning point. In her deep anguish, she vowed to dedicate her son to the LORD if He would grant her a child. Eli, the high priest, initially misunderstood her silent prayer for drunkenness, but upon realizing her sincerity, he blessed her (1 Samuel 1:9-17).

The LORD answered Hannah's prayer, and she bore a son, Samuel, whose name means "heard of God," signifying God's response to her plea. True to her vow, once Samuel was weaned, Hannah presented him to the LORD at Shiloh, dedicating him to lifelong service (1 Samuel 1:24-28).

Significance in Israel's History

Elkanah's family, through the birth and dedication of Samuel, played a crucial role in Israel's history. Samuel's leadership as a prophet, priest, and judge was instrumental in guiding Israel through a period of significant transition. Elkanah's faithfulness in worship and his support of Hannah's vow exemplify the importance of spiritual devotion and obedience to God's will in the biblical narrative.