The breastpiece, also known as the breastplate of judgment, is a significant element of the high priest's garments as described in the Old Testament. It is detailed in the Book of Exodus, specifically in Exodus 28:15-30. The breastpiece was an essential part of the priestly attire, symbolizing the high priest's role as the mediator between God and the people of Israel.

Biblical Description and Construction

The instructions for crafting the breastpiece are given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai. According to Exodus 28:15 , "You are to fashion a breastpiece for making decisions—the work of a skilled craftsman. You are to make it like the ephod, of gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen." This indicates that the breastpiece was to be made with the same materials as the ephod, emphasizing its sacred nature and the skill required in its creation.

The breastpiece was to be square, a span long and a span wide when folded double (Exodus 28:16). It was adorned with four rows of precious stones, each stone representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. The stones were set in gold filigree, and each stone was engraved with the name of a tribe (Exodus 28:17-21). This design signified the high priest's role in bearing the names of the tribes before the Lord, symbolizing his intercessory duty.

Symbolism and Function

The breastpiece was not merely ornamental; it served a critical function in the religious life of Israel. It was known as the "breastpiece of judgment" because it contained the Urim and Thummim, tools used for divination and decision-making (Exodus 28:30). These objects were placed in the breastpiece and used by the high priest to discern God's will in matters of national importance.

The breastpiece's design and function highlight the themes of representation and mediation. By wearing the breastpiece, the high priest carried the tribes of Israel over his heart when he entered the Holy Place, symbolizing his role in presenting the people before God and seeking divine guidance on their behalf.

Theological Significance

From a theological perspective, the breastpiece underscores the importance of holiness, obedience, and divine guidance in the life of Israel. The meticulous instructions for its creation reflect the broader biblical theme of God's desire for order and beauty in worship. The high priest, adorned with the breastpiece, served as a foreshadowing of Christ, the ultimate High Priest, who intercedes for believers before the Father.

The breastpiece also serves as a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and His people. Each stone, representing a tribe, signifies the inclusivity and unity of the nation under God's care. The high priest's role in wearing the breastpiece illustrates the necessity of a mediator in approaching a holy God, a role ultimately fulfilled in the New Testament through Jesus Christ.

In summary, the fashioning of the breastpiece is a profound element of the Old Testament priestly system, rich in symbolism and theological depth. It reflects the intricate relationship between God and His chosen people, mediated through the high priest, and points forward to the ultimate mediation accomplished through Christ.