The term "Firstborn in Egypt" refers to a pivotal event in the biblical narrative of the Exodus, where God executed the final and most devastating of the ten plagues upon Egypt. This event is recorded in the Book of Exodus, specifically in chapters 11 and 12, and it marks a significant turning point in the liberation of the Israelites from Egyptian bondage.

Biblical Account

The account begins with God instructing Moses to warn Pharaoh of the impending plague. In Exodus 11:4-5 , Moses conveys God's message: "So Moses declared, 'This is what the LORD says: About midnight I will go throughout Egypt, and every firstborn son in the land of Egypt will die, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who sits on his throne to the firstborn of the servant girl behind the millstones, as well as the firstborn of all the cattle.'"

This plague was unique in its scope and severity, affecting every Egyptian household, from the highest to the lowest, and even extending to the livestock. The death of the firstborn was a direct challenge to the Egyptian pantheon and Pharaoh's perceived divinity, as the firstborn son was often considered the heir and future leader.

The Passover

In preparation for this event, God instituted the Passover, a critical observance for the Israelites. In Exodus 12:12-13 , God instructs, "On that night I will pass through the land of Egypt and strike down every firstborn, both man and beast, and I will execute judgment against all the gods of Egypt. I am the LORD. The blood on the houses where you are staying will distinguish them; when I see the blood, I will pass over you. No plague will fall on you to destroy you when I strike the land of Egypt."

The Israelites were commanded to sacrifice a lamb without blemish and apply its blood to the doorposts and lintels of their homes. This act of faith and obedience served as a sign for the Lord to "pass over" their homes, sparing them from the judgment that befell the Egyptians.

Theological Significance

The death of the firstborn in Egypt is laden with theological significance. It underscores God's sovereignty and justice, demonstrating His power over the false gods of Egypt and His ability to deliver His people. The event also prefigures the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ, the "Lamb of God," whose blood delivers believers from the bondage of sin and death.

The Passover became a lasting ordinance for the Israelites, commemorating their deliverance from Egypt and foreshadowing the ultimate redemption through Christ. As stated in 1 Corinthians 5:7 , "For Christ, our Passover lamb, has been sacrificed."

Cultural and Historical Context

In the ancient Near Eastern context, the firstborn held a place of prominence and privilege, often receiving a double portion of the inheritance and assuming leadership roles within the family. The loss of the firstborn would have been a profound blow to Egyptian society, both emotionally and structurally.

The event also highlights the hardening of Pharaoh's heart, as he repeatedly refused to heed God's warnings through Moses. Despite witnessing the previous nine plagues, Pharaoh's obstinacy led to the ultimate devastation of his land and people.

Legacy and Remembrance

The narrative of the firstborn in Egypt is a foundational account in the Jewish faith, commemorated annually during the Passover festival. It serves as a reminder of God's deliverance and faithfulness to His covenant people. For Christians, it is a powerful typology of Christ's redemptive work, emphasizing themes of sacrifice, salvation, and divine judgment.