Topical Encyclopedia Artaxerxes is a significant figure in the biblical narrative, particularly in the context of the post-exilic period of Israel's history. He is often identified with Ahasuerus, a king mentioned in the Book of Esther, although this identification is subject to scholarly debate. Artaxerxes is most notably recognized for his role in the events surrounding the rebuilding of Jerusalem, as recorded in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah.Historical Context Artaxerxes I reigned as King of Persia from 465 to 424 BC. His reign is marked by a complex relationship with the Jewish people, who were under Persian rule following their return from Babylonian exile. The Persian Empire, during Artaxerxes' time, was vast and influential, stretching from the Indus Valley to the Aegean Sea. Prohibition of Rebuilding Jerusalem The biblical account in the Book of Ezra highlights Artaxerxes' involvement in the affairs of Jerusalem. In Ezra 4:7-23, adversaries of Judah and Benjamin wrote a letter to Artaxerxes, accusing the Jews of rebuilding the rebellious and wicked city of Jerusalem. They warned that if the city were rebuilt and its walls restored, the Jews would no longer pay tribute, thus dishonoring the king's authority. Artaxerxes responded by issuing a decree to halt the construction efforts. Ezra 4:21 records his command: "Now issue an order for these men to stop work, so that this city will not be rebuilt until I so order." This decree effectively put a temporary stop to the rebuilding of Jerusalem, reflecting the king's cautious approach to maintaining control over his empire. Artaxerxes and Nehemiah Despite the initial prohibition, Artaxerxes later played a pivotal role in the restoration of Jerusalem through his relationship with Nehemiah, a Jewish cupbearer in his court. Nehemiah 2:1-8 describes how Nehemiah, distressed by the state of Jerusalem, sought permission from Artaxerxes to return and rebuild the city. The king granted Nehemiah's request, providing him with letters of safe passage and resources for the construction. This change in policy demonstrates Artaxerxes' willingness to support the Jewish community under certain conditions, possibly influenced by his trust in Nehemiah and the strategic benefits of a stable Jerusalem within the Persian Empire. Religious and Political Implications Artaxerxes' interactions with the Jewish people highlight the complex interplay between political power and religious identity in the ancient Near East. His initial prohibition and subsequent support for Nehemiah's mission reflect the delicate balance of maintaining imperial control while accommodating the diverse cultures and religions within his realm. The narrative of Artaxerxes in the Bible underscores the providential hand of God in the affairs of nations, using even foreign rulers to accomplish His purposes for His people. Artaxerxes' reign, therefore, serves as a testament to the unfolding of divine plans through the intricate tapestry of human history. Nave's Topical Index Ezra 4:7-24And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of their companions, to Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Syrian tongue, and interpreted in the Syrian tongue. Nave's Topical Index Resources Who was Xerxes in the Bible? | GotQuestions.orgWho was Ezra in the Bible? | GotQuestions.org What does it mean that Jesus is King of kings and Lord of lords? | GotQuestions.org Bible Concordance • Bible Dictionary • Bible Encyclopedia • Topical Bible • Bible Thesuarus |