Calamus, often referred to as "sweet cane," is a fragrant plant mentioned in the Bible, known for its aromatic properties and use in sacred anointing oils. The Hebrew word for calamus is "qaneh," which is sometimes translated as "reed" or "cane." This plant holds significant importance in biblical texts, particularly in the context of worship and offerings.

Biblical References:

1. Exodus 30:23 · In the instructions given to Moses for making the sacred anointing oil, calamus is listed as one of the key ingredients. The Berean Standard Bible states: "Take the finest spices: 500 shekels of liquid myrrh, half as much (250 shekels) of fragrant cinnamon, 250 shekels of fragrant calamus."

2. Song of Solomon 4:14 · Calamus is mentioned among the luxurious and aromatic plants in the poetic description of a garden, symbolizing beauty and abundance. The BSB reads: "nard and saffron, calamus and cinnamon, with all the trees of frankincense, myrrh and aloes, with all the finest spices."

3. Isaiah 43:24 · The prophet Isaiah uses calamus to illustrate Israel's neglect of proper worship and offerings to God. The BSB records: "You have bought Me no sweet cane with your money, nor have you satisfied Me with the fat of your sacrifices. But you have burdened Me with your sins; you have wearied Me with your iniquities."

4. Jeremiah 6:20 · In a rebuke to the people of Judah, the prophet Jeremiah mentions calamus as part of offerings that are not pleasing to God due to the people's disobedience. The BSB states: "What use to Me is frankincense from Sheba or sweet cane from a distant land? Your burnt offerings are not acceptable; your sacrifices do not please Me."

Cultural and Historical Context:

Calamus was highly valued in the ancient Near East for its aromatic qualities. It was often imported from distant lands, indicating its rarity and worth. The plant's sweet fragrance made it a desirable component in perfumes and incense, as well as in the sacred anointing oil used in the Tabernacle and later in the Temple.

The use of calamus in the anointing oil underscores its symbolic significance in consecration and worship. The oil, a blend of myrrh, cinnamon, calamus, cassia, and olive oil, was used to anoint the Tabernacle, its furnishings, and the priests, setting them apart as holy to the Lord.

Botanical Identification:

There is some debate among scholars and botanists regarding the exact identification of the biblical calamus. Traditionally, it has been associated with Acorus calamus, a plant known for its sweet-smelling rhizomes. However, some suggest that the biblical calamus might refer to a different plant, such as Cymbopogon, a type of lemongrass, or another aromatic reed native to the region.

Theological Significance:

In the biblical narrative, calamus serves as a symbol of the richness and beauty of God's creation, as well as the devotion and purity required in worship. Its inclusion in the sacred anointing oil highlights the importance of holiness and the setting apart of people and objects for divine purposes. The references to calamus in prophetic rebukes emphasize the need for genuine worship and obedience, rather than mere ritualistic offerings.

Calamus, as a sweet cane of Palestine, thus represents both the physical and spiritual fragrance that is pleasing to God, calling believers to a life of holiness and sincere devotion.Songs 4:14
Spikenard and saffron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense; myrrh and aloes, with all the chief spices:
Nave's Topical Index

Ezekiel 27:19
Dan also and Javan going to and fro occupied in your fairs: bright iron, cassia, and calamus, were in your market.
Nave's Topical Index

Calamus: Dictionary and Thesaurus | Clyx.com

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