The Twelve refers to the group of twelve men chosen by Jesus Christ to be His closest disciples and apostles. These individuals were selected to be the primary witnesses of His life, teachings, death, and resurrection, and were entrusted with the mission of spreading the Gospel to all nations. The Twelve hold a significant place in Christian theology and ecclesiology, serving as foundational figures in the establishment of the early Church.

Selection and Names

The selection of the Twelve is recorded in the Synoptic Gospels. In the Gospel of Mark, it is written: "He appointed twelve, whom He designated as apostles, to accompany Him, to be sent out to preach, and to have authority to drive out demons" (Mark 3:14-15). The names of the Twelve are listed in several passages, including Matthew 10:2-4, Mark 3:16-19, and Luke 6:13-16. The Twelve are:

1. Simon Peter
2. James, son of Zebedee
3. John, brother of James
4. Andrew, brother of Simon Peter
5. Philip
6. Bartholomew (also known as Nathanael)
7. Matthew (also known as Levi)
8. Thomas (also known as Didymus)
9. James, son of Alphaeus
10. Thaddaeus (also known as Judas, son of James, or Lebbaeus)
11. Simon the Zealot
12. Judas Iscariot, who later betrayed Jesus

Role and Mission

The Twelve were called to be with Jesus, to learn from Him, and to be sent out as His representatives. They were given authority to perform miracles, heal the sick, and cast out demons, as seen in Matthew 10:1: "Jesus called His twelve disciples to Him and gave them authority over unclean spirits, so that they could drive them out and heal every disease and sickness" .

The Twelve played a crucial role in the ministry of Jesus, accompanying Him throughout His public life, witnessing His miracles, and receiving His teachings. They were present at key events, such as the Transfiguration (Mark 9:2-8) and the Last Supper (Luke 22:14-20).

Betrayal and Replacement

Judas Iscariot's betrayal of Jesus is a pivotal moment in the narrative of the Twelve. Judas's actions led to Jesus' arrest and crucifixion, fulfilling the Scriptures. After Judas's death, the remaining apostles sought to maintain the number twelve, symbolizing the twelve tribes of Israel. In Acts 1:15-26, Matthias was chosen by casting lots to replace Judas, restoring the group to its full number.

The Twelve in the Early Church

Following the resurrection and ascension of Jesus, the Twelve became leaders in the early Church. They were instrumental in the spread of Christianity, as seen in the Acts of the Apostles. Peter, James, and John emerged as prominent figures, with Peter delivering the sermon at Pentecost (Acts 2:14-41) and James leading the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15:13-21).

The Twelve's teachings and witness laid the foundation for the New Testament writings and the establishment of Christian doctrine. Their legacy continues to influence the Church, as they are seen as models of faith, commitment, and evangelism.

Symbolism and Legacy

The Twelve symbolize the continuity between the Old and New Covenants, representing the new people of God. Their number reflects the twelve tribes of Israel, signifying the fulfillment of God's promises through Jesus Christ. The Twelve Apostles are commemorated in Christian liturgy and art, and their lives and martyrdoms are celebrated in various traditions.

In summary, the Twelve were chosen by Jesus to be His closest followers and to carry forward His mission. Their role as apostles and leaders in the early Church underscores their importance in the history of Christianity and their enduring influence on the faith.