How does Matthew 5:38-39 reinterpret Deuteronomy 19:21's principle? Reading the Two Passages Side by Side • Deuteronomy 19:21 — “You must show no pity: life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, and foot for foot.” • Matthew 5:38-39 — “You have heard that it was said, ‘Eye for eye and tooth for tooth.’ But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If someone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.” Original Purpose of “Eye for Eye” in Deuteronomy • A courtroom guideline, not a license for personal revenge. • Ensured penalties matched the crime—no excessive punishment (see Exodus 21:23-25; Leviticus 24:19-20). • Protected society by deterring false witnesses (immediate context of Deuteronomy 19:16-20). • Upheld God’s justice in civil matters through appointed judges (Deuteronomy 16:18). Jesus’ Quotation and Expansion • Jesus affirms the literal wording, then redirects its application to everyday relationships. • “Do not resist an evil person” shifts the focus from courts to personal conduct. • Turning the other cheek models voluntary surrender of personal rights, reflecting God’s mercy (Isaiah 50:6; 1 Peter 2:23). Key Contrasts 1. Arena of Action – Deuteronomy: in court, by judges. – Matthew: in personal encounters, by disciples. 2. Justice vs. Mercy – Deuteronomy: limits vengeance, guarantees fair justice. – Matthew: invites believers to absorb wrongs and extend grace, trusting God to settle scores (Romans 12:19-21). 3. External Restraint vs. Internal Righteousness – Deuteronomy: restrains sin through legal boundaries. – Matthew: transforms the heart, surpassing “the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees” (Matthew 5:20). How Matthew Reinterprets, Not Replaces, the Principle • Jesus does not nullify the law; He clarifies its deepest intent (Matthew 5:17). • Civil authorities may still apply proportional justice (Romans 13:4). • Believers, however, are called to relinquish personal retaliation, echoing Christ’s own path to the cross (Philippians 2:5-8). Practical Takeaways for Today • Let the courts handle criminal justice; refuse to nurse grudges at the personal level. • Choose mercy when offended—offer the “other cheek” through gracious words, patience, or quiet endurance. • Trust the Lord’s ultimate justice while practicing peacemaking (Matthew 5:9). |
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