What does the Bible say about domestic violence?

Definition and Scope of Domestic Violence

Domestic violence—sometimes referred to as intimate partner violence, spousal abuse, or family violence—generally describes any harmful behavior (physical, emotional, verbal, or psychological) that occurs within the home. This treatment is condemned in Scripture both implicitly and explicitly. Whether through direct command regarding how to treat one’s spouse or child, or through broader principles about love and compassion, the Bible sets forth guidance that rejects any form of abuse.

The Value of Every Person in God’s Design

Scripture teaches that every human being bears the image of God (Genesis 1:27: “So God created man in His own image…”). This concept underscores the inherent worth in every individual, making abusive behavior an affront to the sanctity of God’s creation. Throughout the Old and New Testaments, those who use violence to harm the vulnerable are consistently denounced (Psalm 11:5: “The LORD tests the righteous and the wicked; His soul hates the lover of violence.”).

Biblical Teaching on Marital Conduct

1. Mutual Love and Respect

In Ephesians 5, husbands are called to care for their wives as Christ cares for the Church, which precludes any form of abuse. Ephesians 5:25 says, “Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ loved the church and gave Himself up for her.” This instruction demands self-sacrifice, gentleness, and respect.

Similarly, wives are instructed to respect and honor their husbands (Ephesians 5:33). The reciprocal nature of this teaching excludes harm in any direction. Abuse violates the covenantal unity Scripture advocates: “So they are no longer two, but one flesh” (Matthew 19:6).

2. Honor and Understanding

First Peter 3:7 provides further clarity: “Husbands, in the same way, treat your wives with consideration as a delicate vessel, and with honor as fellow heirs of the gracious gift of life.” Domestic violence breaks this command by replacing honor and understanding with cruelty or harm.

3. Stability and Protection

The family unit is designed to be a place of refuge and growth (Psalm 128:3–4). The principle of protection, especially toward those who are more vulnerable, is consistently affirmed (1 Timothy 5:8: “If anyone does not provide for his own…he has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever.”). Assaulting or dominating a family member disrupts the protective environment Scripture envisions for the household.

Key Passages on Violence and Abuse

1. Malachi 2:16: In Hebrew context, this passage addresses treachery in marriage. The states, “For I hate divorce,” says the LORD, the God of Israel, “and him who covers his garment with violence,” says the LORD of Hosts.” While the text speaks to marital unfaithfulness and the damaging effects of divorce, it also highlights that God abhors violence in marital relationships.

2. Titus 2:2–5: Though specifically addressing men and women in practical instruction, these verses elevate self-control, love, and kindness. Any sort of abuse is incompatible with these virtues.

3. Ephesians 4:29–32: Although not exclusively about marriage or families, this passage emphasizes the manner of speech and treatment toward others. Believers are commanded to put away “bitterness, wrath, and anger… along with every form of malice. Be kind and tenderhearted to one another…”. Clearly, abusive speech or actions violate these instructions.

The Biblical Principle of Non-Abuse

1. Gentleness and Patience

Galatians 5:22–23 lists gentleness and patience among the fruit of the Spirit. These qualities oppose any sense of physical or psychological abuse. Reliance on the Holy Spirit leads one away from verbal aggression, cruelty, and harm.

2. Prohibition of Harm

The commandment “You shall not murder” (Exodus 20:13) reflects God’s rejection of any form of violence or harm against another person. While domestic violence may not always result in physical death, it still violates the overarching principle in Scripture forbidding the harming of others.

God’s Heart for the Oppressed

1. Divine Concern for Victims

Throughout the Old and New Testaments, there is clear evidence of God’s compassion for those who suffer. For instance, He preserves the fatherless and the widow (Psalm 146:9). By extension, anyone suffering from domestic abuse can trust that God sees and cares about their plight.

2. The Call to Seek Justice

Scripture mandates justice: “Learn to do right! Seek justice and correct the oppressor” (Isaiah 1:17). This extends into the home. Believers have a responsibility to address wrongdoing, including intervening when they see abuse. Loving one’s neighbor (Mark 12:31) includes ensuring that neighbor is not abused on account of silence or complacency.

Practical Guidance and Responses

1. Confronting Sin

Biblical narrative and instruction often demand confrontation of harmful conduct (Matthew 18:15–17). The goal is repentance and restoration, balanced with safeguarding those who are harmed.

2. Removing Oneself from Danger

Though Scripture often emphasizes reconciliation, it does not condone remaining in a context of ongoing harm. Safety and legal recourse may be necessary. In 1 Samuel 19:10, David fled King Saul’s attempts to harm him, illustrating that escaping violence is an acceptable and wise response.

3. Burden-Bearing and Community Support

Galatians 6:2 states, “Carry one another’s burdens, and in this way you will fulfill the law of Christ.” Churches and faith communities should support victims, provide accountability for offenders, and advocate for early intervention and professional assistance as needed.

4. Professional Help and Wisdom

Proverbs 15:22 teaches, “Plans fail for lack of counsel, but with many advisers they succeed.” Consulting pastors, counselors, law enforcement, and others knowledgeable in intervention for domestic crises aligns with biblical wisdom. Seeking medical or psychological assistance is not a lack of faith but a wise application of God’s provision for healing and health.

Historical and Cultural Evidences

Archaeological discoveries of ancient documents and artifacts from Israel, Greece, and Rome indicate the prevalence of various family structures and community norms regarding marital conduct. While some cultures historically allowed for extreme patriarchy or physical discipline, the Hebrew Scriptures (and later, New Testament writings) highlighted countercultural teachings that elevated fairness, kindness, and accountability in the family. Textual consistency among ancient biblical manuscripts (preserved in collections such as the Dead Sea Scrolls and later codices) shows that these instructions and narratives have been reliably passed down.

Conclusion

Domestic violence finds no sanction in Scripture. The biblical call is for husbands and wives, parents and children, and all believers within God’s household to exhibit sacrificial love and honor, reflecting God’s own character. Where abuse occurs, Scripture affirms the imperative to protect the vulnerable, confront wrongdoing, and seek both justice and restoration when possible.

Ultimately, the Bible presents a vision of the home as a nurturing space defined by love, compassion, and holiness. Any pattern of violence or abuse is a grievous distortion of God’s design, and His Word calls for healing, justice, and the sanctity of all who bear His image.