2 Corinthians 11:23
Are they servants of Christ? I am speaking like I am out of my mind, but I am so much more: in harder labor, in more imprisonments, in worse beatings, in frequent danger of death.
Are they servants of Christ?
In this rhetorical question, Paul is challenging the claims of the false apostles in Corinth. The Greek word for "servants" is "διάκονοι" (diakonoi), which implies a role of service and ministry. Paul is emphasizing that true service to Christ is not about boasting or self-promotion but about genuine dedication and sacrifice. Historically, the early church faced many challenges from false teachers, and Paul is defending his apostolic authority and the authenticity of his ministry.

I am speaking like I am out of my mind
Paul uses this phrase to indicate that he is about to engage in what might seem like foolish boasting. The Greek word "παραφρονῶν" (paraphronon) suggests a departure from rational thought. Paul is aware that boasting is not the norm for a humble servant of Christ, yet he feels compelled to do so to counteract the influence of the false apostles. This highlights the tension between humility and the need to assert one's credentials in the face of opposition.

I am more so
Here, Paul asserts his superiority in service to Christ compared to the false apostles. The phrase "περισσότερον" (perissoteron) means "more abundantly" or "to a greater degree." Paul is not boasting for personal glory but to establish his credibility and the truth of his message. This reflects the biblical principle that true greatness in the kingdom of God is measured by one's willingness to serve and suffer for the sake of the Gospel.

in harder labor
Paul refers to the intense and strenuous efforts he has made in his ministry. The Greek word "κόποις" (kopoīs) denotes toil and laborious work. This highlights the physical and emotional demands of Paul's missionary journeys and his commitment to spreading the Gospel. Historically, Paul's travels were fraught with danger and hardship, yet he persevered, demonstrating the depth of his dedication to Christ.

in more imprisonments
Paul's mention of imprisonments underscores the persecution he faced for his faith. The Greek word "φυλακαῖς" (phylakais) refers to being held in custody or confinement. Throughout the New Testament, we see accounts of Paul's imprisonments, which serve as a testament to his unwavering commitment to his mission. This phrase reminds believers that following Christ may involve suffering and persecution, but it is a testament to one's faithfulness.

in worse beatings
Paul endured physical violence for the sake of the Gospel. The Greek word "πληγαῖς" (plēgais) means blows or wounds. This phrase highlights the physical cost of discipleship and the reality of suffering for Christ. Historically, the early Christians often faced brutal treatment, and Paul's experiences serve as an example of enduring hardship for the sake of the truth.

and many times near death
Paul frequently faced life-threatening situations. The phrase "πολλάκις ἐν θανάτοις" (pollakis en thanatois) indicates repeated exposure to mortal danger. This underscores the perilous nature of Paul's ministry and his willingness to risk his life for the Gospel. It serves as an inspiration for believers to remain steadfast in their faith, even in the face of death, trusting in the promise of eternal life through Christ.

Persons / Places / Events
1. Paul the Apostle
The author of 2 Corinthians, Paul is defending his apostleship and the authenticity of his ministry against false apostles who were misleading the Corinthian church.

2. Corinth
A major city in ancient Greece where the church to whom Paul is writing is located. It was known for its wealth and moral challenges, making it a significant place for early Christian ministry.

3. False Apostles
Individuals who were challenging Paul's authority and leading the Corinthians astray with a different gospel. Paul refers to them earlier in the chapter as deceitful workers.

4. Imprisonments and Beatings
Paul references his own sufferings, which include multiple imprisonments and beatings, as evidence of his dedication and authenticity as a servant of Christ.

5. Danger of Death
Paul frequently faced life-threatening situations due to his commitment to spreading the Gospel, highlighting the seriousness and sincerity of his mission.
Teaching Points
Authenticity in Ministry
True ministry is often marked by sacrifice and suffering. Paul’s hardships authenticate his commitment to Christ and serve as a model for genuine Christian service.

Endurance Through Trials
Believers are called to endure hardships for the sake of the Gospel. Paul’s example encourages us to remain steadfast in our faith, even when facing adversity.

Discernment Against False Teachings
The presence of false apostles in Corinth serves as a warning to be discerning about teachings and leaders, ensuring they align with the truth of Scripture.

The Cost of Discipleship
Following Christ may involve significant personal cost. Paul’s life exemplifies the reality that discipleship can lead to suffering, but it is ultimately for the glory of God.
Bible Study Questions
1. How does Paul’s willingness to endure suffering for the Gospel challenge your own commitment to Christ?

2. In what ways can you discern between true and false teachings in today’s world, based on Paul’s example?

3. Reflect on a time when you faced hardship for your faith. How did you see God working through that situation?

4. How can the church today support those who are suffering for their faith, both locally and globally?

5. What practical steps can you take to prepare yourself for potential trials or persecutions for your faith?
Connections to Other Scriptures
Acts 16:22-24
This passage describes one of Paul's imprisonments in Philippi, providing a specific example of the sufferings he endured for the sake of the Gospel.

Philippians 3:8
Paul speaks of counting all things as loss for the sake of Christ, which aligns with his willingness to endure hardships as mentioned in 2 Corinthians 11:23.

2 Timothy 2:9
Paul writes about suffering hardship even to the point of being chained like a criminal, reinforcing the theme of enduring suffering for the Gospel.
Labours and PrisonsJ.R. Thomson 2 Corinthians 11:23
Ministers of ChristJ.R. Thomson 2 Corinthians 11:23
Apostolic BoastingsR. Tuck 2 Corinthians 11:10, 21-30
Paul's Avowal of His Advantages and His History of His TrialsD. Thomas, D. D.2 Corinthians 11:21-33
Service in SorrowC. H. Spurgeon.2 Corinthians 11:21-33
The Trials of Busy LifeC. C. Chamberlain, M. A.2 Corinthians 11:21-33
What St. Paul was and What He Had Suffered as an Apostle of ChristC. Lipscomb 2 Corinthians 11:21-33
The Evidential Value of Sufferings Borne for Christ's SakeR. Tuck 2 Corinthians 11:23-30
Apostolic Experiences on EarthE. Hurndall 2 Corinthians 11:23-33
People
Aretas, Corinthians, Ephesians, Eve, Israelites, Paul
Places
Achaia, Corinth, Damascus, Macedonia
Topics
Abundant, Abundantly, Beaten, Beatings, Beside, Better, Blows, Christ, Countless, Danger, Death, Deaths, Exceedingly, Excess, Experience, Exposed, Flogged, Fool, Foolishly, Frequent, Frequently, Greater, Harder, Imprisonments, Insane-i, Labors, Labours, Madman, Measure, Mind, Ministers, Ministrants, Myself, Oft, Often, Prison, Prisons, Servants, Severely, Speak, Stripes, Talk, Talking, Worked
Dictionary of Bible Themes
2 Corinthians 11:23

     5344   imprisonment
     5461   prisoners

2 Corinthians 11:21-29

     5109   Paul, apostle

2 Corinthians 11:21-30

     8820   self-confidence

2 Corinthians 11:23-25

     5127   back
     5346   injury
     5485   punishment, legal aspects
     7505   Jews, the

2 Corinthians 11:23-26

     8795   persecution, nature of

2 Corinthians 11:23-28

     5436   pain

2 Corinthians 11:23-29

     5565   suffering, of believers
     5569   suffering, hardship
     7708   apostles, function
     7726   evangelists, ministry
     7742   missionaries, support
     8356   unselfishness
     8481   self-sacrifice

2 Corinthians 11:23-30

     8358   weakness, physical
     8462   priority, of God

2 Corinthians 11:23-33

     8451   mortification

Library
Simplicity Towards Christ
But I fear, lest by any means, as the serpent beguiled Eve through his subtilty, so your minds should be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ.'--2 COR. xi. 3. The Revised Version, amongst other alterations, reads, 'the simplicity that is towards Christ.' The inaccurate rendering of the Authorised Version is responsible for a mistake in the meaning of these words, which has done much harm. They have been supposed to describe a quality or characteristic belonging to Christ or the Gospel;
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture

This we have Undertaken in Our Present Discourse...
2. This we have undertaken in our present discourse: may Christ help us, the Son of a virgin, and the Spouse of virgins, born after the flesh of a virgin womb, and wedded after the Spirit in virgin marriage. Whereas, therefore, the whole Church itself is a virgin espoused unto one Husband Christ, [2028] as the Apostle saith, of how great honor are its members worthy, who guard this even in the flesh itself, which the whole Church guards in the faith? which imitates the mother of her husband, and
St. Augustine—Of Holy Virginity.

Letter ii (A. D. 1126) to the Monk Adam
To the Monk Adam [3] 1. If you remain yet in that spirit of charity which I either knew or believed to be with you formerly, you would certainly feel the condemnation with which charity must regard the scandal which you have given to the weak. For charity would not offend charity, nor scorn when it feels itself offended. For it cannot deny itself, nor be divided against itself. Its function is rather to draw together things divided; and it is far from dividing those that are joined. Now, if that
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux—Some Letters of Saint Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux

What 'the Gospel' Is
The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ.--Mark i. 1 My purpose now is to point out some of the various connections in which the New Testament uses that familiar phrase, 'the gospel,' and briefly to gather some of the important thoughts which these suggest. Possibly the process may help to restore freshness to a word so well worn that it slips over our tongues almost unnoticed and excites little thought. The history of the word in the New Testament books is worth notice. It seldom occurs in those
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture

The Protevangelium.
As the mission of Christ was rendered necessary by the fall of man, so the first dark intimation of Him was given immediately after the fall. It is found in the sentence of punishment which was passed upon the tempter. Gen. iii. 14, 15. A correct understanding of it, however, can be obtained only after we have ascertained who the tempter was. It is, in the first place, unquestionable that a real serpent was engaged in the temptation; so that the opinion of those who maintain that the serpent is only
Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg—Christology of the Old Testament

Of this Weakness of His, He Saith in Another Place...
13. Of this weakness of his, he saith in another place, "We made ourselves small among you, even as a nurse cherisheth her children." [2510] For in that passage the context indicates this: "For neither at any time," saith he, "used we flattering words, as ye know, nor an occasion of covetousness; God is witness: nor of men sought we glory, neither of you, nor yet of others when we might have been burdensome to you as the Apostles of Christ: but we made ourselves small among you, even as a nurse cherisheth
St. Augustine—Of the Work of Monks.

Wherefore they who Say that the Marriages of Such are not Marriages...
13. Wherefore they who say that the marriages of such are not marriages, but rather adulteries, seem not to me to consider with sufficient acuteness and care what they say; forsooth they, are misled by a semblance of truth. For, whereas they, who of Christian sanctity marry not, are said to choose the marriage of Christ, hence certain argue saying, If she, who during the life of her husband is married to another, be an adulteress, even as the Lord Himself hath laid down in the Gospel; therefore,
St. Augustine—On the Good of Widowhood.

The Godly are in Some Sense Already Blessed
I proceed now to the second aphorism or conclusion, that the godly are in some sense already blessed. The saints are blessed not only when they are apprehended by God, but while they are travellers to glory. They are blessed before they are crowned. This seems a paradox to flesh and blood. What, reproached and maligned, yet blessed! A man that looks upon the children of God with a carnal eye and sees how they are afflicted, and like the ship in the gospel which was covered with waves' (Matthew 8:24),
Thomas Watson—The Beatitudes: An Exposition of Matthew 5:1-12

Paul at Corinth
'After these things Paul departed from Athens, and came to Corinth; 2. And found a certain Jew named Aquila, born in Pontus, lately come from Italy, with his wife Priscilla; (because that Claudius had commanded all Jews to depart from Rome:) and came unto them. 3. And because he was of the same craft, he abode with them, and wrought: for by their occupation they were tent-makers. 4. And he reasoned in the synagogue every sabbath, and persuaded the Jews and the Greeks. 5. And when Silas and Timotheus
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture: The Acts

For not Even Herein Ought Such as are Married to Compare Themselves with The...
10. For not even herein ought such as are married to compare themselves with the deserts of the continent, in that of them virgins are born: for this is not a good of marriage, but of nature: which was so ordered of God, as that of every sexual intercourse whatever of the two sexes of human kind, whether in due order and honest, or base and unlawful, there is born no female save a virgin, yet is none born a sacred virgin: so it is brought to pass that a virgin is born even of fornication, but a sacred
St. Augustine—Of Holy Virginity.

But when He Might Use to Work, that Is...
15. But when he might use to work, that is, in what spaces of time, that he might not be hindered from preaching the Gospel, who can make out? Though, truly, that he wrought at hours of both day and night himself hath not left untold. [2518] Yet these men truly, who as though very full of business and occupation inquire about the time of working, what do they? Have they from Jerusalem round about even to Illyricum filled the lands with the Gospel? [2519] or whatever of barbarian nations hath remained
St. Augustine—Of the Work of Monks.

Moreover, if Discourse must be Bestowed Upon Any...
21. Moreover, if discourse must be bestowed upon any, and this so take up the speaker that he have not time to work with his hands, are all in the monastery able to hold discourse unto brethren which come unto them from another kind of life, whether it be to expound the divine lessons, or concerning any questions which may be put, to reason in an wholesome manner? Then since not all have the ability, why upon this pretext do all want to have nothing else to do? Although even if all were able, they
St. Augustine—Of the Work of Monks.

Which Thing Whoso Thinks Cannot have Been done by the Apostles...
6. Which thing whoso thinks cannot have been done by the Apostles, that with them women of holy conversation should go about wheresoever they preached the Gospel, that of their substance they might minister to their necessities, let him hear the Gospel, and learn how in this they did after the example of the Lord Himself. Our Lord, namely, according to the wont of His pity, sympathizing with the weak, albeit Angels might minister unto Him, had both a bag in which should be put the money which was
St. Augustine—Of the Work of Monks.

And that which Follows Concerning Birds of the Air and Lilies of the Field...
35. And that which follows concerning birds of the air and lilies of the field, He saith to this end, that no man may think that God careth not for the needs of His servants; when His most wise Providence reacheth unto these in creating and governing those. For it must not be deemed that it is not He that feeds and clothes them also which work with their hands. But lest they turn aside the Christian service of warfare unto their purpose of getting these things, the Lord in this premonisheth His servants
St. Augustine—Of the Work of Monks.

That the Ruler Should be a Near Neighbour to Every one in Compassion, and Exalted Above all in Contemplation.
The ruler should be a near neighbour to every one in sympathy, and exalted above all in contemplation, so that through the bowels of loving-kindness he may transfer the infirmities of others to himself, and by loftiness of speculation transcend even himself in his aspiration after the invisible; lest either in seeking high things he despise the weak things of his neighbours, or in suiting himself to the weak things of his neighbours he relinquish his aspiration after high things. For hence it is
Leo the Great—Writings of Leo the Great

"The Carnal Mind is Enmity against God for it is not Subject to the Law of God, Neither Indeed Can Be. So Then they that Are
Rom. viii. s 7, 8.--"The carnal mind is enmity against God for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be. So then they that are in the flesh cannot please God." It is not the least of man's evils, that he knows not how evil he is, therefore the Searcher of the heart of man gives the most perfect account of it, Jer. xvii. 12. "The heart is deceitful above all things," as well as "desperately wicked," two things superlative and excessive in it, bordering upon an infiniteness, such
Hugh Binning—The Works of the Rev. Hugh Binning

The Blessed Hope and Its Power
PHILIPPIANS iii. 17-21 The problem of the body--Cautions and tears--"That blessed hope"--The duty of warning--The moral power of the hope--The hope full of immortality--My mother's life--"He is able"--The promise of his coming The Apostle draws to the close of his appeal for a true and watchful fidelity to the Gospel. He has done with his warning against Judaistic legalism. He has expounded, in the form of a personal confession and testimony, the true Christian position, the acceptance of the
Handley C. G. Moule—Philippian Studies

What the Ruler's Discrimination Should be Between Correction and Connivance, Between Fervour and Gentleness.
It should be known too that the vices of subjects ought sometimes to be prudently connived at, but indicated in that they are connived at; that things, even though openly known, ought sometimes to be seasonably tolerated, but sometimes, though hidden, be closely investigated; that they ought sometimes to be gently reproved, but sometimes vehemently censured. For, indeed, some things, as we have said, ought to be prudently connived at, but indicated in that they are connived at, so that, when the
Leo the Great—Writings of Leo the Great

An Essay on the Mosaic Account of the Creation and Fall of Man
THERE are not a few difficulties in the account, which Moses has given of the creation of the world, and of the formation, and temptation, and fall of our first parents. Some by the six days of the creation have understood as many years. Whilst others have thought the creation of the world instantaneous: and that the number of days mentioned by Moses is only intended to assist our conception, who are best able to think of things in order of succession. No one part of this account is fuller of difficulties,
Nathaniel Lardner—An Essay on the Mosaic Account of the Creation and Fall of Man

St. Malachy Becomes Bishop of Connor; He Builds the Monastery of iveragh.
16. (10). At that time an episcopal see was vacant,[321] and had long been vacant, because Malachy would not assent: for they had elected him to it.[322] But they persisted, and at length he yielded when their entreaties were enforced by the command of his teacher,[323] together with that of the metropolitan.[324] It was when he was just entering the thirtieth year of his age,[325] that he was consecrated bishop and brought to Connor; for that was the name of the city through ignorance of Irish ecclesiastical
H. J. Lawlor—St. Bernard of Clairvaux's Life of St. Malachy of Armagh

How to Make Use of Christ as the Truth, when Error Prevaileth, and the Spirit of Error Carrieth Many Away.
There is a time when the spirit of error is going abroad, and truth is questioned, and many are led away with delusions. For Satan can change himself into an angel of light, and make many great and fairlike pretensions to holiness, and under that pretext usher in untruths, and gain the consent of many unto them; so that in such a time of temptation many are stolen off their feet, and made to depart from the right ways of God, and to embrace error and delusions instead of truth. Now the question is,
John Brown (of Wamphray)—Christ The Way, The Truth, and The Life

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