The phrase "an eye for an eye" originates from the ancient legal principle known as lex talionis, or the law of retaliation. This principle is found in the Old Testament and is a foundational concept in biblical law, emphasizing justice and proportional retribution. The phrase appears in several passages, notably in Exodus 21:23-25, Leviticus 24:19-20, and Deuteronomy 19:21.

Biblical Context

1. Exodus 21:23-25 : "But if there is serious injury, you are to take life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for wound, and stripe for stripe." This passage is part of the Covenant Code, a collection of laws given to the Israelites after their exodus from Egypt. It underscores the principle of equitable justice, ensuring that the punishment fits the crime without exceeding it.

2. Leviticus 24:19-20 : "If anyone injures his neighbor, whatever he has done must be done to him: fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth. Just as he injured the other person, the same must be inflicted on him." Here, the law is reiterated within the Holiness Code, emphasizing the sanctity of justice and the need for fairness in legal proceedings.

3. Deuteronomy 19:21 : "Show no pity: life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot." This passage is part of the Deuteronomic law, which stresses the importance of maintaining justice and order within the community. It serves as a deterrent against crime and ensures that justice is served without partiality.

Interpretation and Application

The principle of "an eye for an eye" was intended to limit retribution and prevent excessive punishment. It was a legal standard that sought to maintain balance and fairness in the administration of justice. In ancient Israel, this law was not necessarily applied literally but served as a guideline for judges to ensure that penalties were appropriate to the offense.

New Testament Perspective

In the New Testament, Jesus addresses the principle of "an eye for an eye" in the Sermon on the Mount. In Matthew 5:38-39 , He states, "You have heard that it was said, 'Eye for eye and tooth for tooth.' But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If someone slaps you on your right cheek, turn to him the other also." Jesus' teaching emphasizes mercy, forgiveness, and the renunciation of personal vengeance. He calls His followers to a higher standard of love and grace, transcending the strict justice of the Old Testament law.

Theological Implications

The principle of "an eye for an eye" reflects God's justice and the need for order within society. It underscores the seriousness of sin and the necessity of accountability. However, through Christ's teachings, believers are called to embody a spirit of forgiveness and reconciliation, reflecting God's grace and mercy. This shift from retributive justice to transformative love is central to the Christian faith, highlighting the redemptive work of Christ and the call to live in peace with others.