Introduction:
Ashtaroth-Karnaim is a significant location mentioned in the Old Testament, particularly in the context of early biblical history and the narratives surrounding the patriarchs. It is associated with the Rephaim, an ancient people known for their formidable stature and strength. The name itself suggests a connection to the Canaanite goddess Ashtoreth, indicating the city's religious and cultural significance in the ancient Near East.

Biblical References:
Ashtaroth-Karnaim is first mentioned in Genesis 14:5, during the account of the war of the kings. The verse states: "In the fourteenth year, Chedorlaomer and the kings allied with him went out and defeated the Rephaim in Ashtaroth-Karnaim, the Zuzites in Ham, the Emites in Shaveh Kiriathaim" . This passage highlights the city's role as a battleground in the conflict involving Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, and his allies against various peoples, including the Rephaim.

Historical and Geographical Context:
Ashtaroth-Karnaim is believed to have been located in the region of Bashan, east of the Jordan River, an area known for its fertile lands and strategic importance. The name "Karnaim" means "two horns" or "double horned," possibly referring to a geographical feature or a symbolic representation of power and strength. The city's association with the Rephaim, a group often described as giants, underscores its reputation as a place of might and influence.

Cultural and Religious Significance:
The name Ashtaroth-Karnaim suggests a connection to the worship of Ashtoreth, a prominent Canaanite deity associated with fertility, war, and love. Ashtoreth was often depicted with horns, which may explain the "Karnaim" aspect of the city's name. This connection indicates that Ashtaroth-Karnaim was not only a political and military center but also a religious hub where Canaanite religious practices were likely prevalent.

Theological Implications:
From a theological perspective, the mention of Ashtaroth-Karnaim in the context of Genesis 14 serves to illustrate the broader narrative of God's sovereignty over the nations and His protection of His chosen people. The defeat of the Rephaim and other peoples by Chedorlaomer and his allies sets the stage for Abram's subsequent rescue of Lot, demonstrating God's providential care and the unfolding of His redemptive plan through the patriarchs.

Archaeological Insights:
While the exact location of Ashtaroth-Karnaim remains uncertain, archaeological findings in the region of Bashan have provided insights into the culture and history of the area during the biblical period. Excavations have uncovered evidence of ancient settlements, fortifications, and religious artifacts that align with the biblical description of a significant and influential city.

Conclusion:
Ashtaroth-Karnaim stands as a testament to the complex interplay of culture, religion, and politics in the ancient Near East. Its mention in the Bible provides valuable insights into the historical context of the patriarchal narratives and the broader themes of divine sovereignty and human agency.Ashtaroth-Karnaim

Two-horned Astartes, Genesis 14:5, or simply Ashtaroth, De 1:4, a city of Og, king of Ashan, beyond Jordan. The name is doubtless derived from the goddess Ashtoreth or Astarte, whose images were adored there under the figure of a female with a crescent, or horns. It was in the limits of the half tribe of Manasseh, Joshua 13:31; and was a Levitical city, 1 Chronicles 6:71. It is also called Beeshterah, Joshua 21:27.

The First Chaldaean Empire and the Hyksos in Egypt
... Kudur-lagamar defeated them one after another"the Rephaim near to Ashtaroth-Karnaim,
the Zuzim near Ham,**** the Amim at Shaveh-Kiriathaim, and the Horim on ...
/.../chapter ithe first chaldaean empire.htm

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