Ashurbanipal, also known as Assurbanipal, was the last of the great kings of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, reigning from 668 to approximately 627 BC. He is renowned for his extensive library at Nineveh and his military campaigns that expanded and secured the Assyrian Empire's dominance in the ancient Near East. Although Ashurbanipal is not directly mentioned in the Bible, his reign and actions had significant implications for the biblical narrative, particularly concerning the Kingdom of Judah and the broader geopolitical landscape of the region.

Historical Context

Ashurbanipal was the son of Esarhaddon and the grandson of Sennacherib, both of whom are mentioned in the Bible. Esarhaddon is noted in 2 Kings 19:37 and Isaiah 37:38 as the successor of Sennacherib after his assassination. Ashurbanipal inherited a vast empire that included territories in Mesopotamia, the Levant, and parts of Egypt. His reign is marked by both cultural achievements and brutal military campaigns.

Military Campaigns and Biblical Connections

Ashurbanipal's military campaigns were extensive and often ruthless. He is known for his campaigns against Elam, Egypt, and various rebellious regions within the empire. While the Bible does not mention Ashurbanipal by name, his actions had indirect effects on the biblical world. The Assyrian Empire, under his rule, continued to exert pressure on the Kingdom of Judah and its neighbors.

The Assyrian dominance during this period is reflected in the biblical narrative, particularly in the prophetic books. The prophets often spoke of Assyria as an instrument of God's judgment against the nations, including Israel and Judah. For instance, the prophet Nahum prophesied the fall of Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, which would eventually occur after Ashurbanipal's reign (Nahum 1:1-3:19).

Cultural Contributions

Ashurbanipal is perhaps best known for his contributions to the cultural and intellectual life of the ancient Near East. He established one of the most significant libraries of the ancient world at Nineveh, which housed thousands of cuneiform tablets. This library has provided modern scholars with invaluable insights into the literature, religion, and science of the time.

The preservation of texts such as the Epic of Gilgamesh and various other mythological and historical documents has been attributed to Ashurbanipal's efforts. These texts have offered context and background to the cultural and religious milieu in which the biblical texts were written.

Legacy

Ashurbanipal's reign marked the zenith of Assyrian power, but it also set the stage for the empire's decline. After his death, the Assyrian Empire quickly fell into disarray, leading to its eventual conquest by the Babylonians and Medes. This shift in power is significant in the biblical narrative, as it paved the way for the Babylonian captivity of Judah, a pivotal event in Jewish history.

While Ashurbanipal himself is not a biblical figure, his reign and the Assyrian Empire's influence are crucial for understanding the historical and prophetic context of the Bible. His legacy is a testament to the complex interplay of power, culture, and religion in the ancient world, which shaped the environment in which the biblical narrative unfolded.ASHURBANIPAL

a-shoor-ba'-ne-pal (Ashur-bani-apal, "Ashur creates a son"): Before setting out on his last campaign to Egypt, Esarhaddon king of Assyria doubtless having had some premonition that his days were numbered, caused his son Ashurbanipal to be acknowledged the crown prince of Assyria (668 B.C.). At the same time he proclaimed his son Shamash-shum-ukin as the crown prince of Babylonia. At the father's death the latter, however, was only permitted to become viceroy of Babylonia.

Ashurbanipal is generally believed to be the great and noble Osnappar (Ezra 4:10). See OSNAPPAR. If this identification should not prove correct, the king is not mentioned by name in the Old Testament. In the annals of Ashurbanipal there is a list of twenty tributary kings in which Manasseh (written Minse) of the land of Judah is mentioned. With a few exceptions the list is the same as that given by Esarhaddon, his father. In 2 Chronicles 33:11 we learn that the captains of the host of the king of Assyria took Manasseh with hooks and bound him with fetters, and carried him to Babylon. The king to whom reference is made in this passage was either Esarhaddon or Ashurbanipal. If the latter, his restoration of Manasseh was paralleled in the instance of Necho, the vassal king of Memphis and Sais, who also had revolted from Assyria; for he was accorded similar treatment, being sent back to Egypt with special marks of favor, and reinstated upon his throne.

Another reference in the Old Testament, at least to one of the acts of Ashurbanipal, is the prophecy of Nahum, who in predicting the downfall of Nineveh, said, "Art thou (Nineveh) better than No-amon?" This passage is illustrated by the annals of the king, in which he recounts the destruction of the city. No (meaning "city") is the name of Thebes, while Amon (or Amen) was the chief deity of that city.

Esarhaddon died on his way to Egypt, which he had previously conquered, an insurrection having taken place. Tirhakah, whom Esarhaddon had vanquished, and who had fled to Ethiopia, had returned, and had advanced against the rulers appointed by Assyria. He formed a coalition with Necho and others. Not long after Ashurbanipal came to the throne, he set out for Egypt and defeated the forces. The leaders of the insurrection were carried to Nineveh in fetters. Necho, like Manasseh, as mentioned above, was restored to his rule at Sais. Tirhakah died shortly after. His sister's son Tanut-Amon (Tandami) then took up the cause, and after the departure of the Assyrian army he advanced against the Assyrian vassal governors. The Assyrian army returned and relieved the besieged. Tanut-Amon returned to Thebes, which was conquered and which was spoiled by the rapacious Assyrians, 663 B.C. This is what the prophet Nahum referred to (3:8). A few years later Psammetik, the son of Necho, who had remained faithful after his restoration, declared his independence. As the Assyrian army was required elsewhere, Egypt was henceforth free from the yoke of the Assyrian. Ba`al of Tyre, after a long siege, finally submitted. Yakinlu, king of Arvad, paid tribute and sent hostages. Other rebellious subjects, who had become emboldened by the attitude of Tirhakah, were brought into submission. Under Urlaki, the old enemy Elam, which had been at peace with Assyria since the preceding reign, now became aggressive and made inroads into Babylonia. Ashurbanipal marched through the Zagros mountains, and suddenly appeared before Susa. This move brought Teumman, who had in the meanwhile succeeded Urlaki, back to his capital. Elam was humiliated.

In 652 B.C. the insurrection of Shamash-shumukin, the king's brother, who had been made viceroy of Babylon, broke out. He desired to establish his independence from Assyria. After Ashurbanipal had overcome Babylon, Shamash-shum-ukin took refuge in a palace, set it on fire, and destroyed himself in the flames.

There is much obscurity about the last years of Ashurbanipal's reign. The decadence of Assyria had begun, which resulted not only in the loss to the title of the surrounding countries, but also in its complete annihilation before the century was over. Nineveh was finally razed to the ground by the Umman-Manda hordes, and was never rebuilt.

Ashurbanipal is also distinguished for his building operations, which show remarkable architectural ingenuity. In many of the cities of Assyria and Babylonia he restored, enlarged or embellished the temples or shrines. In Nineveh he reared a beautiful palace, which excelled all other Assyrian structures in the richness of its ornamentations.

During his reign the study of art was greatly encouraged. Some of his exquisite sculptures represent not only the height of Assyrian art, but also belong to the most important aesthetic treasures of the ancient world. The themes of many of the chief sculptures depict the hunt, in which the king took special delight.

Above all else Ashurbanipal is famous for the library he created, because of which he is perhaps to be considered the greatest known patron of literature in the pre-Christian centuries. For Bibliography see ASSYRIA.

A. T. Clay

The Christian View of the Old Testament
... Animism, 165 f., 169 f. Appeal to the soul, 30 ff. Archaeological material, 123
f. Archaeology, 110 ff. Ashurbanipal, 140. Assumption versus knowledge, 217 ff. ...
/.../eiselen/the christian view of the old testament/index 2.htm

The Old Testament and Comparative Religion
... most remarkable of these, called Enuma elish (when above), from its opening words,
has been deciphered from tablets found in the library of Ashurbanipal in the ...
/.../eiselen/the christian view of the old testament/chapter v the old testament.htm

Introduction
... Genesis," which created such a stir at the time of its publication in 1876 after
it had been unearthed as a part of the library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh by ...
/...//christianbookshelf.org/leupold/exposition of genesis volume 1/introduction.htm

The Old Testament and Archeology
... was Manasseh, king of Judah. Ashurbanipal, the successor of Esarhaddon,
includes Manasseh in a similar list. Though this king is ...
/.../the christian view of the old testament/chapter iv the old testament.htm

Ashurbanipal (1 Occurrence)
... Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia ASHURBANIPAL. ...Ashurbanipal is generally believed
to be the great and noble Osnappar (Ezra 4:10). See OSNAPPAR. ...
/a/ashurbanipal.htm - 12k

Code (6 Occurrences)
... of the Code: When Professor Meissner published, in 1898, some fragments of cuneiform
tablets from the library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (668-628 BC ...
/c/code.htm - 40k

Hammurabi
... of the Code: When Professor Meissner published, in 1898, some fragments of cuneiform
tablets from the library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (668-628 BC ...
/h/hammurabi.htm - 47k

Nabathaeans
... by Sennacherib (Sayce, New Light from the Ancient Monuments, II, 430), but before
long regained their independence and resisted Ashurbanipal (Rawlinson, note ...
/n/nabathaeans.htm - 11k

Nabataeans
... by Sennacherib (Sayce, New Light from the Ancient Monuments, II, 430), but before
long regained their independence and resisted Ashurbanipal (Rawlinson, note ...
/n/nabataeans.htm - 11k

Gog (12 Occurrences)
... He has been identified with Gagi, ruler of Sakhi, mentioned by Ashurbanipal, but
Professor Sayce thinks the Hebrew name corresponds more closely to Gyges, the ...
/g/gog.htm - 14k

Pharaohnecoh
... In the days of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal, Egypt had been tributary to Assyria,
and, when it began to break up, Egypt and other subject kingdoms saw their ...
/p/pharaohnecoh.htm - 11k

Pharaoh-necoh (3 Occurrences)
... In the days of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal, Egypt had been tributary to Assyria,
and, when it began to break up, Egypt and other subject kingdoms saw their ...
/p/pharaoh-necoh.htm - 12k

Belshazzar (8 Occurrences)
... the last king of the Babylonian empire, that had been founded by Nabopolassar, the
father of Nebuchadnezzar, at the time of the death of Ashurbanipal, king of ...
/b/belshazzar.htm - 16k

Acco (2 Occurrences)
... power, although it revolted whenever Assyria became weak, as appears from the mention
of its subjugation by Sennacherib (ib 449), and by Ashurbanipal (ib 458). ...
/a/acco.htm - 13k

When and how was Nineveh destroyed? | GotQuestions.org

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