The concept of the bride price, also known as the "mohar," is a significant cultural and legal element in the biblical context, particularly within the Old Testament. The bride price refers to the payment or compensation made by a prospective groom or his family to the family of the bride. This practice is deeply rooted in the ancient Near Eastern customs and is reflected in various biblical narratives and laws.

Biblical References and Context

The practice of paying a bride price is first mentioned in the context of marriage negotiations and agreements. In Genesis 34:12, Shechem, who desires to marry Dinah, says to her family, "Demand of me a great bride price and gift, and I will give whatever you ask of me. Only give me the young woman as a wife." This passage illustrates the bride price as a negotiable and significant part of marriage arrangements.

In Exodus 22:16-17, the law provides guidance on the matter: "If a man entices a virgin who is not pledged to be married and sleeps with her, he must pay the bride price, and she will be his wife. If her father absolutely refuses to give her to him, he must still pay the bride price for virgins." This law underscores the bride price as a form of compensation and protection for the woman's family, ensuring her honor and future security.

Deuteronomy 22:28-29 further elaborates on this principle: "If a man encounters a virgin who is not pledged to be married, and he seizes her and lies with her, and they are discovered, then the man who lay with her must pay the young woman’s father fifty shekels of silver, and she must become his wife, because he has violated her. He may not divorce her as long as he lives." Here, the bride price serves as a form of restitution and a binding commitment to the woman.

Cultural and Theological Significance

The bride price in biblical times was not merely a financial transaction but held cultural and familial significance. It was a tangible expression of the groom's commitment and ability to provide for his future wife. The payment also served to compensate the bride's family for the loss of her labor and presence within the household.

Theologically, the bride price can be seen as a reflection of the value and dignity accorded to women within the biblical framework. It acknowledges the importance of marriage as a covenantal relationship and the responsibilities that come with it. The bride price also highlights the protective measures embedded within the Mosaic Law to safeguard the rights and well-being of women.

Examples in Biblical Narratives

One of the most notable examples of the bride price is found in the account of Jacob and Laban. In Genesis 29:18-20, Jacob offers to work for seven years as a bride price for Rachel, Laban's daughter: "Jacob loved Rachel and said, 'I will serve you seven years for your younger daughter Rachel.' Laban replied, 'It is better that I give her to you than to another man. Stay with me.' So Jacob served seven years for Rachel, yet it seemed but a few days because of his love for her." This narrative illustrates the bride price as a form of service and labor, reflecting the deep affection and commitment Jacob had for Rachel.

In 1 Samuel 18:25, King Saul demands a unique bride price from David for his daughter Michal: "Then Saul replied, 'Say to David, ‘The king desires no other bride price except a hundred Philistine foreskins, to take revenge on his enemies.’" This unusual request highlights the bride price as a means of proving valor and loyalty, intertwining personal relationships with broader political and military objectives.

Conclusion

The bride price, as depicted in the Bible, is a multifaceted institution that encompasses legal, cultural, and theological dimensions. It serves as a testament to the value placed on marriage and the roles and responsibilities of those entering into this sacred covenant. Through the lens of biblical narratives and laws, the bride price emerges as a significant element in understanding the social and familial structures of ancient Israel.