Biblical Context:
The event of Moses descending with the tablets is a pivotal moment in the biblical narrative, found primarily in the Book of Exodus. This event occurs after Moses has spent forty days and nights on Mount Sinai, where he receives the Law from God, including the Ten Commandments, inscribed by the finger of God on two stone tablets. This moment is significant as it represents the formal establishment of the covenant between God and the Israelites.

Scriptural References:
The primary account of Moses descending with the tablets is found in Exodus 32:15-19. The Berean Standard Bible provides a clear translation of these verses:

"Then Moses turned and went down the mountain with the two tablets of the Testimony in his hands. They were inscribed on both sides, front and back. The tablets were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, engraved on the tablets. When Joshua heard the sound of the people shouting, he said to Moses, 'There is the sound of war in the camp.' But Moses replied: 'It is neither the cry of victory nor the cry of defeat; I hear the sound of singing.' As Moses approached the camp and saw the calf and the dancing, his anger burned, and he threw the tablets out of his hands, shattering them at the base of the mountain."

Theological Significance:
The descent of Moses with the tablets is laden with theological implications. The tablets symbolize God's direct communication and covenant with His chosen people, Israel. The fact that the tablets were inscribed by God Himself underscores the divine authority and sacredness of the Law. This event marks a foundational moment in the history of Israel, as it establishes the moral and legal framework that would guide the nation.

Moses' Reaction:
Upon descending, Moses is confronted with the idolatry of the Israelites, who have constructed a golden calf in his absence. His reaction is one of righteous indignation, leading him to shatter the tablets. This act symbolizes the breaking of the covenant due to the people's sin. Moses' anger reflects the gravity of the Israelites' transgression and the seriousness with which God views idolatry.

Covenant and Law:
The tablets represent the core of the Mosaic Covenant, a central theme in the Old Testament. The Law given to Moses is not merely a set of rules but a comprehensive guide for living in a way that honors God. It encompasses moral, ceremonial, and civil laws, all designed to set Israel apart as a holy nation.

Subsequent Events:
Following the breaking of the tablets, Moses intercedes for the people, pleading with God to forgive their sin. This intercession is a profound demonstration of Moses' role as a mediator between God and Israel. God instructs Moses to chisel out two new stone tablets, and He re-inscribes the commandments, signifying the renewal of the covenant (Exodus 34:1-4).

Moses' Leadership:
Moses' leadership is tested and affirmed through this event. His actions demonstrate his deep commitment to God's holiness and his responsibility for the spiritual welfare of the Israelites. Despite their rebellion, Moses continues to lead and advocate for the people, embodying the qualities of a faithful servant of God.

Conclusion:
The descent of Moses with the tablets is a defining moment in biblical history, illustrating the intersection of divine law, human frailty, and the enduring mercy of God. It serves as a reminder of the importance of faithfulness to God's commandments and the consequences of turning away from His covenant.