Hadoram, also referred to as Joram in some biblical texts, is a figure mentioned in the Old Testament, specifically in the context of King David's reign. He is identified as the son of Tou (also spelled Toi), the king of Hamath, a city-state located in what is now modern-day Syria. The account of Hadoram is primarily found in the historical books of the Bible, where he plays a role in the diplomatic relations between Hamath and Israel.

Biblical References:

1. 1 Chronicles 18:9-10 : "When Tou king of Hamath heard that David had defeated the entire army of Hadadezer king of Zobah, he sent his son Hadoram to King David to greet him and bless him because David had fought against Hadadezer and defeated him, for Hadadezer had been at war with Tou. Hadoram brought all kinds of articles of gold, silver, and bronze."

2. 2 Samuel 8:9-10 : "When King Toi of Hamath heard that David had defeated the entire army of Hadadezer, he sent his son Joram to King David to greet him and bless him for fighting against Hadadezer, who had been at war with Toi. Joram brought with him articles of silver, gold, and bronze."

Historical and Theological Context:

Hadoram's mission to King David is significant in the context of ancient Near Eastern diplomacy. His visit symbolizes a gesture of peace and alliance between Hamath and Israel. The gifts of gold, silver, and bronze that Hadoram brought to David were not only tokens of goodwill but also served to strengthen the political and economic ties between the two kingdoms. This act of diplomacy highlights the broader geopolitical landscape of the time, where smaller states often sought alliances with powerful neighbors to ensure their security and prosperity.

Theologically, Hadoram's visit can be seen as part of the divine favor and blessing upon David's reign. The defeat of Hadadezer and the subsequent alliance with Hamath underscore the fulfillment of God's promises to David, establishing his kingdom and extending his influence over surrounding nations. This narrative reflects the biblical theme of God's sovereignty and the establishment of His chosen leaders.

Name Variations and Textual Considerations:

The variation in Hadoram's name, appearing as Joram in 2 Samuel, is a point of interest for biblical scholars. This discrepancy is attributed to differences in manuscript traditions and transliterations over time. Despite the variation, the identity of Hadoram/Joram as the son of Tou/Toi and his role in the diplomatic mission remains consistent across the texts.

Cultural and Archaeological Insights:

Hamath, the city-state from which Hadoram hailed, was an important cultural and economic center in the ancient Near East. Archaeological findings from the region provide insights into the rich history and interactions between various kingdoms during the time of David. The exchange of gifts and the establishment of alliances were common practices that facilitated trade and cultural exchange, contributing to the prosperity of the region.

In summary, Hadoram's role as an envoy from Hamath to Israel illustrates the complex interplay of politics, diplomacy, and divine providence in the biblical narrative. His account is a testament to the broader themes of alliance and divine favor that characterize the reign of King David.1 Chronicles 18:10
He sent Hadoram his son to king David, to inquire of his welfare, and to congratulate him, because he had fought against Hadarezer, and smitten him; (for Hadarezer had war with Tou;) and with him all manner of vessels of gold and silver and brass.
Nave's Topical Index

Who are Semites? | GotQuestions.org

Bible Concordance • Bible Dictionary • Bible Encyclopedia • Topical Bible • Bible Thesuarus