The city of Jerusalem holds a central place in biblical history and theology, serving as the political and spiritual heart of Israel. Its population has fluctuated significantly throughout its history, influenced by conquests, exiles, and periods of prosperity.

Early History and Davidic Era

Jerusalem first appears in the biblical narrative as Salem, ruled by Melchizedek, a priest of God Most High (Genesis 14:18). However, it was King David who established Jerusalem as the capital of Israel after capturing it from the Jebusites (2 Samuel 5:6-9). Under David's reign, the city began to grow in population and significance. The Bible does not provide specific population figures for this period, but it describes a thriving city that became the political and religious center of the united monarchy.

Solomonic Expansion

Under King Solomon, Jerusalem reached new heights of splendor and population. Solomon's extensive building projects, including the construction of the First Temple, attracted skilled laborers and artisans, likely increasing the city's population. 1 Kings 4:20 describes the people of Judah and Israel as "numerous as the sand on the seashore," indicating a period of prosperity and growth.

Exilic and Post-Exilic Periods

The Babylonian conquest in 586 BC led to the destruction of Jerusalem and the deportation of many of its inhabitants (2 Kings 25:8-12). The population was significantly reduced during the Babylonian exile. However, after the decree of Cyrus the Great, a remnant returned to rebuild the city and the Temple (Ezra 1:1-4). Nehemiah 7:4-5 notes that the city was large and spacious, but the population was small, prompting efforts to repopulate Jerusalem.

Intertestamental Period

During the intertestamental period, Jerusalem's population fluctuated due to various conquests and political changes. The Maccabean revolt and subsequent Hasmonean dynasty brought a period of Jewish autonomy and growth. The city expanded, and its population increased as it became a center of Jewish life and worship.

New Testament Era

In the New Testament, Jerusalem is depicted as a bustling city, especially during religious festivals such as Passover. Luke 2:41-42 describes Jesus' family traveling to Jerusalem for Passover, a journey made by many Jewish families. The population swelled during such times, with pilgrims from across the Roman Empire. Acts 2:5-11 records the presence of "devout men from every nation under heaven" in Jerusalem during Pentecost, highlighting its diverse and transient population.

Roman Destruction and Beyond

The Roman siege and destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70 drastically reduced its population. The historian Josephus estimated that over a million people perished or were taken captive. The city lay in ruins, and its population dwindled until it was rebuilt and repopulated in subsequent centuries.

Throughout its history, Jerusalem's population has been a reflection of its political, religious, and cultural significance. The city's enduring legacy as a focal point of biblical history continues to captivate the hearts and minds of believers worldwide.