What is the meaning of Leviticus 19:20? If a man lies carnally with a slave girl The verse opens by addressing sexual relations between a free man and a female slave. Scripture assumes the reality of servitude in ancient Israel while regulating it so that God’s holiness governs even hidden acts (cf. Exodus 21:20–21; Deuteronomy 23:17). Sexual sin is never excused by social status differences (1 Corinthians 6:18). The phrase “lies carnally” plainly refers to intercourse, reminding us that God’s law penetrates private behavior. promised to another man The woman is “promised” (betrothed) to someone else, meaning a covenantal commitment already exists (Deuteronomy 22:23). Though she is not yet married, her pledge carries legal weight, underscoring that sexual faithfulness is expected before and after marriage (Matthew 1:18-19; Hebrews 13:4). but who has not been redeemed or given her freedom Because she remains enslaved, her legal power to refuse may be limited. Redemption—the purchase of freedom (Leviticus 25:47-55)—has not occurred. Scripture recognizes her diminished agency; therefore her moral culpability differs from that of a free woman (compare Luke 12:48, “From everyone who has been given much, much will be required”). there must be due punishment God demands accountability. “Punishment” (literally “investigation” leading to correction) shows sin has consequences (Numbers 5:6-7). Though the woman’s freedom is restricted, the man’s responsibility is clear; he exploited a vulnerable person (Colossians 4:1). Restitution and sacrifice are detailed in the next verse (Leviticus 19:21-22). But they are not to be put to death Adultery involving two free, consenting parties incurred capital punishment (Leviticus 20:10; Deuteronomy 22:22). Here, that ultimate penalty is lifted. The law distinguishes circumstances without minimizing sin, reflecting God’s perfect balance of justice and mercy. because she had not been freed Her bondage mitigates the sentence. The Lord defends the oppressed (Psalm 146:7) and refuses to equate her situation with that of a free adulteress. While Scripture never trivializes immorality, it consistently protects those with limited power (Isaiah 1:17; James 1:27). summary Leviticus 19:20 affirms that God’s moral law governs every social layer: • Sexual purity is obligatory, irrespective of status. • Engagement vows are sacred. • Exploiting the powerless intensifies guilt. • Justice is proportional, factoring in responsibility and capacity. • Even in the Mosaic Law, mercy tempers punishment, foreshadowing Christ, who fully satisfies both justice and grace (Romans 3:25-26). |
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