Daniel 11:28

The king of the North will return to his land with great wealth, but his heart will be set against the holy covenant; so he will do damage and return to his own land.

Study Bible

The king of the North
This phrase refers to a ruler from the northern territories relative to Israel, historically understood as the Seleucid Empire. The Seleucid kings, particularly Antiochus IV Epiphanes, are often associated with this title. The historical context is crucial here, as the Seleucid Empire was one of the Hellenistic states formed after the division of Alexander the Great's empire. The "king of the North" is a recurring figure in Daniel's prophecies, symbolizing opposition to God's people.

will return to his land
This indicates a retreat or withdrawal back to the king's own territory. Historically, this can be seen as a strategic move after military campaigns, often to consolidate power or regroup. The phrase suggests a temporary cessation of hostilities, but not a change of heart or purpose.

with great wealth
The acquisition of wealth through conquest was a common practice in ancient times. This wealth could include spoils of war, tribute from subjugated peoples, or plundered treasures. The mention of "great wealth" highlights the material success of the king's campaigns, yet it also foreshadows the moral and spiritual corruption that accompanies such greed.

but his heart will be set against the holy covenant
The "holy covenant" refers to the sacred agreement between God and His people, Israel. The king's heart being "set against" it indicates a deliberate and hostile stance towards God's laws and His chosen people. This reflects a deeper spiritual rebellion and animosity, not just political or military opposition. The Hebrew root for "heart" (לֵב, lev) often denotes the inner self, including thoughts, emotions, and will, emphasizing the king's intentional defiance.

so he will do damage
This phrase suggests active harm or destruction. The king's opposition to the holy covenant manifests in tangible actions that cause suffering or desecration. Historically, this could relate to Antiochus IV's persecution of the Jews and desecration of the Temple, as recorded in the books of Maccabees. Theologically, it underscores the destructive nature of opposing God's will.

and return to his own land
The repetition of the king's return to his land signifies a cycle of aggression and retreat. It suggests that while the king may temporarily succeed in his endeavors, his ultimate return to his own land implies a limitation to his power and influence. This cyclical pattern can be seen as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly power compared to the eternal sovereignty of God.

Persons / Places / Events

1. The King of the North
This refers to a ruler from the northern territories relative to Israel, historically interpreted as a Seleucid king, possibly Antiochus IV Epiphanes, known for his campaigns against Egypt and his persecution of the Jewish people.

2. His Land
The homeland of the king of the North, likely the Seleucid Empire, which covered parts of modern-day Syria and surrounding regions.

3. Great Wealth
The spoils and riches acquired by the king during his military campaigns, which he brings back to his kingdom.

4. The Holy Covenant
This refers to the covenant between God and His people, Israel. The king's heart being set against it indicates hostility towards the Jewish faith and practices.

5. Return to His Own Land
The king's journey back to his territory after his campaigns, signifying a temporary cessation of his military activities.

Teaching Points

Understanding Historical Context
Recognize the historical backdrop of Daniel 11, which provides insight into the struggles faced by God's people and the fulfillment of prophecy.

The Danger of Opposing God
The king's heart set against the holy covenant serves as a warning against opposing God's will and His people.

God's Sovereignty in History
Despite the king's actions, God's overarching plan remains intact, reminding us of His control over historical events.

Faithfulness Amidst Persecution
The passage encourages believers to remain faithful to God's covenant, even when faced with opposition and persecution.

The Temporary Nature of Earthly Power
The king's return to his land with wealth highlights the fleeting nature of earthly power and riches compared to eternal spiritual treasures.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does understanding the historical context of Daniel 11:28 enhance our comprehension of the passage?

2. In what ways can we see the theme of opposition to God's covenant in today's world, and how should we respond?

3. How does the king of the North's temporary success and wealth challenge our perspective on material possessions and power?

4. What lessons can we learn from the faithfulness of God's people during times of persecution, as seen in Daniel 11 and other scriptures?

5. How can we apply the principle of God's sovereignty over history to our personal lives and current global events?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Daniel 8:9-14
This passage also describes the actions of a king who opposes the holy covenant, providing a broader context for understanding the hostility towards the Jewish faith.

1 Maccabees 1:20-24
Although not part of the Protestant canon, this historical account provides insight into Antiochus IV's actions against the Jewish people, aligning with the events described in Daniel 11.

Revelation 13:5-7
This New Testament passage describes a future ruler who will oppose God's people, drawing a parallel to the king of the North's opposition to the holy covenant.