And I, in the first year of Darius the Mede
The speaker here is the angelic messenger, likely Gabriel, who continues the vision from the previous chapter. The "first year of Darius the Mede" refers to the period immediately following the fall of Babylon to the Medo-Persian Empire in 539 BC. Darius the Mede is a debated figure, with some identifying him as a title for Cyrus the Great or as a governor under Cyrus. This period marks a significant transition in biblical history, as the Jewish people were allowed to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the temple, fulfilling prophecies such as those in Isaiah 44:28 and Jeremiah 29:10.

stood up to strengthen and protect him
The angelic being's role was to support and defend Darius the Mede, indicating divine intervention in the affairs of nations. This protection ensured the fulfillment of God's plans for His people, as Darius's reign was crucial for the decree allowing the Jews to return to their homeland. The phrase suggests a spiritual battle behind the scenes, aligning with the theme of angelic warfare found in Daniel 10:13, where the "prince of Persia" is mentioned. This highlights the biblical concept that earthly events often have spiritual dimensions, as seen in Ephesians 6:12, which speaks of spiritual forces influencing world affairs.

Now then, I will tell you the truth:
This phrase introduces a revelation of future events, emphasizing the certainty and divine origin of the prophecy. It underscores the role of the angelic messenger in delivering God's truth to Daniel, a theme consistent with the prophetic literature where divine messages are conveyed through visions or angelic intermediaries.

Three more kings will arise in Persia:
This refers to the succession of Persian rulers following Cyrus the Great. Historically, these kings are identified as Cambyses, Bardiya (also known as Smerdis), and Darius I. This period marks the continuation of the Achaemenid Empire's dominance, a significant era in biblical history as it impacts the Jewish people who were under Persian rule.

And then a fourth, who will be far richer than all the others:
The fourth king is commonly identified as Xerxes I, known for his immense wealth and grandiose projects, including the invasion of Greece. His wealth and power are well-documented in historical records, aligning with the biblical portrayal of his opulence. Xerxes' reign is significant in the context of the Book of Esther, where he is often identified as King Ahasuerus.

By the power of his wealth, he will stir up everyone against the kingdom of Greece:
Xerxes' wealth enabled him to amass a vast army to launch a campaign against Greece, leading to the famous battles of Thermopylae and Salamis. This phrase highlights the geopolitical tensions between Persia and Greece, setting the stage for the eventual rise of the Greek Empire under Alexander the Great. The conflict between Persia and Greece is a pivotal moment in history, influencing the cultural and political landscape of the ancient world.

Then a mighty king will arise
This phrase refers to a powerful ruler who emerges on the historical scene. In the context of Daniel 11, this is widely understood to be Alexander the Great, the king of Macedonia, who rose to power in the 4th century BC. Alexander's conquests were unprecedented, and he established one of the largest empires in ancient history. His rise was swift and marked by significant military victories, including the defeat of the Persian Empire. This aligns with the prophetic vision in Daniel, which often uses symbolic language to describe historical events and figures.

who will rule with great authority
Alexander's rule was characterized by his absolute authority and the vast extent of his empire, which stretched from Greece to Egypt and into parts of India. His ability to command and control such a diverse and expansive territory was unparalleled at the time. This phrase highlights the extent of his power and the centralized control he maintained over his empire. Historically, Alexander's authority was not just military but also cultural, as he spread Greek culture and language throughout his empire, a period known as the Hellenistic Age.

and do as he pleases
This part of the verse emphasizes the autonomy and unchecked power of Alexander's reign. He was known for his bold and decisive actions, often acting according to his own will without opposition. This reflects the historical accounts of his campaigns and the way he managed his empire. Alexander's ability to act freely and implement his strategies without significant resistance is a testament to his dominance and the fear he instilled in both his allies and enemies. This phrase also serves as a reminder of the transient nature of human power, as even the mightiest rulers are subject to the sovereignty of God, a recurring theme in the book of Daniel.

But as soon as he is established
This phrase refers to the swift rise of a powerful ruler, historically understood as Alexander the Great. His rapid establishment as a dominant force in the ancient world is well-documented, with his conquests spreading Greek culture and influence across a vast territory. The phrase highlights the transient nature of earthly power, a theme echoed in other biblical passages such as James 4:14, which speaks of life as a vapor.

his kingdom will be broken up and parceled out toward the four winds of heaven
After Alexander's death in 323 BC, his empire did not remain intact. Instead, it was divided among his four generals, known as the Diadochi: Cassander, Lysimachus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy. This division is symbolically represented by the "four winds of heaven," indicating the scattering of his empire in all directions. This historical event fulfills the prophecy and demonstrates the sovereignty of God over the rise and fall of kingdoms, as seen in Daniel 2:21.

It will not go to his descendants
Alexander's untimely death left no clear heir to his throne. His half-brother, Philip III, and his son, Alexander IV, were both murdered, leading to the end of his direct lineage. This phrase underscores the futility of human plans and ambitions, aligning with Proverbs 19:21, which states that the Lord's purpose prevails over human intentions.

nor will it have the authority with which he ruled
The authority and influence that Alexander wielded were unmatched, but after his death, the divided territories lacked the centralized power and cohesion of his reign. This reflects the biblical principle that true authority comes from God, as seen in Romans 13:1, and that human authority is temporary and often fragmented.

because his kingdom will be uprooted and given to others
The imagery of a kingdom being "uprooted" suggests a complete and forceful removal, akin to a plant being pulled from the ground. This signifies the end of Alexander's empire as a unified entity and its transfer to others, fulfilling the prophecy of Daniel. It serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly kingdoms and the ultimate establishment of God's eternal kingdom, as prophesied in Daniel 2:44.

The king of the South will grow strong
This phrase refers to the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, which is historically known as the "king of the South" in the context of the Hellenistic period following the division of Alexander the Great's empire. The Ptolemies were one of the four major divisions of Alexander's empire, and they established a powerful and influential rule in Egypt. The term "grow strong" indicates the initial consolidation and expansion of power under the early Ptolemaic rulers, such as Ptolemy I Soter, who secured Egypt and expanded its influence.

but one of his commanders will grow even stronger
This part of the verse is understood to refer to Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander's generals, who initially served under Ptolemy I. Seleucus eventually established the Seleucid Empire, which became more extensive and powerful than the Ptolemaic Kingdom. The phrase highlights the shift in power dynamics, where a subordinate commander surpasses his former superior in strength and influence. This historical development is significant in the context of the ongoing conflicts between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires, known as the Syrian Wars.

and will rule his own kingdom with great authority
Seleucus I Nicator's establishment of the Seleucid Empire marked the beginning of a new and formidable kingdom that stretched from the Mediterranean to the borders of India. His rule with "great authority" signifies the effective governance and military prowess that allowed him to maintain control over such a vast territory. This phrase underscores the theme of shifting power and the rise of new empires, which is a recurring motif in the prophetic literature of the Bible. The authority of Seleucus and his successors played a crucial role in the geopolitical landscape of the ancient Near East, impacting the history of Israel and the surrounding nations.

After some years they will form an alliance
This phrase refers to a political alliance formed between the kingdoms of the North and the South, historically identified as the Seleucid Empire (North) and the Ptolemaic Kingdom (South). This alliance is a strategic move to consolidate power and influence in the region. The historical context involves the ongoing conflicts between these Hellenistic kingdoms following the division of Alexander the Great's empire. The alliance is a temporary solution to ongoing hostilities, reflecting the fragile nature of political agreements in the ancient world.

and the daughter of the king of the South will go to the king of the North to seal the agreement
The daughter mentioned here is historically identified as Berenice, the daughter of Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt. She was given in marriage to Antiochus II Theos of the Seleucid Empire to solidify the alliance. This practice of using marriage to secure political alliances was common in the ancient Near East. The cultural context highlights the role of women in diplomacy, often used as pawns in the power struggles of their male relatives.

But his daughter will not retain her position of power
Berenice's inability to retain her position of power is a result of the political intrigue and betrayal that followed her marriage. After the death of Ptolemy II, Antiochus II took back his former wife, Laodice, who then orchestrated the murder of Berenice and her son. This phrase underscores the precarious nature of political alliances and the vulnerability of those used to secure them.

nor will his strength endure
This refers to the eventual downfall of Antiochus II's power. The political instability and internal strife within the Seleucid Empire weakened its strength. The phrase can be seen as a fulfillment of the prophecy, illustrating the transient nature of human power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over the affairs of nations.

At that time she will be given up, along with her royal escort and her father and the one who supported her
This phrase indicates the complete failure of the alliance and the tragic end of Berenice and her supporters. Historically, Berenice, her son, and her attendants were killed, and her father, Ptolemy II, had already died. The phrase highlights the futility of human schemes against divine prophecy. It also serves as a reminder of the cost of political machinations and the often brutal outcomes for those involved. Theologically, it can be seen as a type of the ultimate justice and judgment that God will bring upon the earth, as seen in other prophetic scriptures.

But one from her family line
This phrase refers to a descendant from the same lineage as the "daughter of the king of the South" mentioned earlier in Daniel 11. Historically, this is understood to refer to Berenice, the daughter of Ptolemy II of Egypt, who was married to Antiochus II of the Seleucid Empire. The "one from her family line" is her brother, Ptolemy III Euergetes, who sought to avenge her death. This highlights the familial and dynastic conflicts that were common in the Hellenistic period following the division of Alexander the Great's empire.

will rise up in his place
Ptolemy III Euergetes rose to power after the death of his father, Ptolemy II. His ascension marks a continuation of the Ptolemaic dynasty's influence and power in the region. This phrase underscores the theme of succession and the perpetuation of family lines in ancient monarchies, which often led to further conflicts and power struggles.

come against the army of the king of the North
The "king of the North" refers to the Seleucid Empire, specifically Seleucus II Callinicus, who ruled after Antiochus II. The north-south dichotomy in Daniel 11 represents the ongoing conflict between the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (the South) and the Seleucid Empire (the North). This phrase indicates a military campaign led by Ptolemy III against the Seleucid forces, reflecting the historical wars between these two Hellenistic powers.

and enter his fortress
This suggests a successful military campaign where Ptolemy III was able to penetrate the defenses of the Seleucid Empire. Historically, Ptolemy III's campaign was marked by significant victories, including the capture of key territories and fortresses. This phrase emphasizes the strategic and military prowess required to breach fortified positions, a common theme in ancient warfare.

fighting and prevailing
Ptolemy III's campaign was notably successful, as he managed to secure victories and expand his influence. This phrase highlights the outcome of the conflict, where the Ptolemaic forces were able to overcome their adversaries. The success of Ptolemy III's campaign is a testament to his leadership and the strength of his army, and it reflects the broader theme of divine providence and the fulfillment of prophecy in the biblical narrative.

He will take even their gods captive to Egypt
This phrase refers to the historical context of the Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms, which were part of the larger Hellenistic world following the conquests of Alexander the Great. The "he" in this passage is likely Ptolemy III Euergetes of Egypt, who invaded the Seleucid Empire and took spoils back to Egypt. The act of taking gods captive signifies the transfer of religious symbols and idols, which was a common practice in ancient warfare to demonstrate dominance over a conquered people. This event is consistent with historical records of Ptolemy III's campaign against the Seleucid Empire around 246-241 BC.

with their metal images and their precious vessels of silver and gold
The mention of "metal images" and "precious vessels" highlights the wealth and religious artifacts that were often seized during military conquests. These items were not only valuable in terms of material wealth but also held significant cultural and religious importance. The taking of such items would have been a severe blow to the Seleucid Empire, both economically and spiritually. This practice of seizing valuable religious artifacts is also seen in other biblical accounts, such as when the Babylonians took treasures from the temple in Jerusalem (2 Kings 24:13).

For some years he will stay away from the king of the North
The "king of the North" refers to the Seleucid rulers, who controlled the northern territories relative to Egypt. The phrase indicates a period of peace or non-aggression between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms following Ptolemy III's successful campaign. This temporary cessation of hostilities allowed both kingdoms to consolidate power and resources. The historical context suggests that after his victories, Ptolemy III focused on internal affairs and strengthening his own kingdom, rather than continuing aggressive expansion. This period of relative peace aligns with the broader narrative of shifting power dynamics in the Hellenistic world.

who will invade the realm of the king of the South
This phrase refers to a northern king's military campaign against the southern kingdom, historically understood as the Seleucid king's invasion of Ptolemaic Egypt. The "king of the South" is typically identified with the Ptolemaic dynasty, which ruled over Egypt. This period of history is marked by the ongoing conflict between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic empires, known as the Syrian Wars. The geopolitical struggle for control over the territories between these two powers is a significant backdrop for this prophecy. The phrase also reflects the broader theme of conflict and power struggles that are prevalent throughout the Book of Daniel, illustrating the transient nature of earthly kingdoms in contrast to God's eternal kingdom.

and then return to his own land
This part of the verse indicates the outcome of the invasion, where the northern king, after his campaign, retreats back to his own territory. Historically, this can be seen in the context of Antiochus III's campaigns, where he initially had success but eventually had to withdraw. This retreat could be due to various factors such as military setbacks, political pressure, or strategic decisions. Theologically, this return signifies the limitations of human ambition and power, as even the mightiest rulers are subject to the sovereign plans of God. This theme is echoed in other parts of Scripture, such as in the Psalms and Proverbs, where human plans are ultimately subject to divine will. The cyclical nature of these invasions and retreats underscores the futility of relying on human strength and the importance of trusting in God's ultimate plan for history.

But his sons will stir up strife
This phrase refers to the sons of the king of the North, likely Seleucus II Callinicus, whose sons were Seleucus III Ceraunus and Antiochus III the Great. The historical context involves the ongoing conflict between the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom. The "strife" indicates the continuation of hostilities and power struggles that characterized the Hellenistic period following the division of Alexander the Great's empire. This strife is part of the larger narrative of conflict between the North and South kingdoms, which is a recurring theme in the Book of Daniel.

and assemble a great army
The assembling of a great army signifies the preparation for significant military campaigns. Historically, Antiochus III, known for his military prowess, gathered substantial forces to reclaim territories lost to the Ptolemies. This reflects the historical reality of the period, where large armies were often mobilized for territorial expansion and control. The emphasis on a "great army" underscores the scale and seriousness of the conflict.

which will advance forcefully, sweeping through like a flood
The imagery of advancing "like a flood" suggests an overwhelming and unstoppable military campaign. This metaphor is used elsewhere in Scripture to describe powerful invasions (e.g., Isaiah 8:7-8). Antiochus III's campaigns were marked by rapid and decisive movements, reclaiming territories in the Levant. The flood imagery conveys the idea of a force that is both destructive and difficult to resist, highlighting the might and determination of Antiochus's forces.

and will again carry the battle as far as his fortress
The "fortress" likely refers to a strategic stronghold or city, possibly in the region of Coele-Syria, which was a contested area between the Seleucids and Ptolemies. The phrase indicates a renewed effort to push the battle lines to key defensive positions. This reflects the historical back-and-forth nature of the Seleucid-Ptolemaic conflicts, where control of fortresses and cities was crucial for maintaining power. The mention of "again" suggests previous attempts or successes in reaching this point, emphasizing the persistent nature of these military campaigns.

In a rage, the king of the South will march out
This phrase refers to the king of the South, historically identified as the Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt. The "rage" indicates a strong emotional response, likely due to previous conflicts or provocations. The Ptolemaic dynasty was known for its wealth and power, often clashing with the Seleucid Empire to the north. This conflict is part of the larger series of wars known as the Syrian Wars, which were fought between these two Hellenistic kingdoms. The king's rage suggests a personal vendetta or a significant political motivation driving him to battle.

to fight the king of the North,
The king of the North is typically identified as the Seleucid ruler, who controlled a vast territory that included parts of modern-day Turkey, Syria, and Iran. The Seleucid Empire was a major power in the Hellenistic world, often in conflict with the Ptolemaic kingdom over control of the Levant. This ongoing struggle for dominance in the region is a key theme in the historical context of Daniel 11. The phrase highlights the geopolitical tension between these two powers, which had significant implications for the Jewish people living in the contested territories.

who will raise a large army,
The ability of the king of the North to raise a large army underscores the military might and resources of the Seleucid Empire. Historically, the Seleucids were known for their formidable military forces, which included a mix of Greek and local troops. This phrase indicates the scale of the conflict and the seriousness of the threat posed by the northern king. The large army also reflects the strategic importance of the conflict, as both sides were willing to commit significant resources to achieve their objectives.

but it will be delivered into the hand of his enemy.
This outcome suggests a surprising or divinely orchestrated reversal of fortunes, where despite the numerical or strategic advantage, the king of the North's army is defeated. This could be seen as a fulfillment of divine prophecy, where God intervenes in the affairs of nations to accomplish His purposes. The phrase "delivered into the hand" implies a decisive victory for the king of the South, which may have been unexpected given the circumstances. This theme of divine intervention and the ultimate sovereignty of God over human affairs is a recurring motif in the book of Daniel.

When the army is carried off
This phrase refers to a military defeat, likely in the context of the ongoing conflicts between the Seleucid Empire (the king of the North) and the Ptolemaic Kingdom (the king of the South). Historically, this could relate to the battles between these two Hellenistic kingdoms following the division of Alexander the Great's empire. The carrying off of an army suggests a significant loss, possibly involving the capture or destruction of troops, which was a common occurrence in ancient warfare.

the king of the South will be proud in heart
The king of the South is typically identified as a ruler from the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. The phrase "proud in heart" indicates arrogance or overconfidence, a common theme in biblical narratives where pride often precedes a fall (Proverbs 16:18). This pride could stem from a temporary victory or perceived strength, reflecting the human tendency to rely on one's own power rather than on God.

and will cast down tens of thousands
This suggests a significant military victory, where the king of the South achieves a substantial defeat over his enemies, likely the forces of the king of the North. The casting down of tens of thousands indicates a large-scale battle with heavy casualties, emphasizing the might and ferocity of the conflict. This aligns with the historical accounts of large battles during the Hellenistic period.

but he will not triumph
Despite the initial success and the destruction of many enemies, the ultimate victory is not achieved. This phrase highlights the temporary nature of human achievements and the futility of prideful endeavors. It serves as a reminder of the sovereignty of God over the affairs of nations, as seen throughout the book of Daniel. The lack of triumph could also foreshadow future defeats or the eventual downfall of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, aligning with the prophetic nature of Daniel's visions.

For the king of the North will raise another army
This phrase refers to the Seleucid king, part of the Hellenistic kingdoms that emerged after the death of Alexander the Great. The "king of the North" is typically identified with the Seleucid Empire, which was located in the region of modern-day Syria and parts of Turkey. Historically, this aligns with the actions of Antiochus III, also known as Antiochus the Great, who sought to expand his territory and influence. The raising of another army indicates a period of military buildup and preparation for renewed conflict, reflecting the ongoing power struggles of the era.

larger than the first
This suggests a significant increase in military strength compared to previous campaigns. Historically, Antiochus III's campaigns were marked by strategic alliances and territorial expansions, which required substantial military resources. The emphasis on a larger army underscores the intensity and scale of the conflict between the Seleucid Empire and its rivals, particularly the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, which is often referred to as the "king of the South" in the context of Daniel.

and after some years
This indicates a passage of time between military campaigns, suggesting a period of regrouping, planning, and resource accumulation. Historically, this aligns with the years of preparation and consolidation of power by Antiochus III before launching further military endeavors. The phrase highlights the patience and strategic planning involved in ancient warfare, as well as the cyclical nature of conflict in the Hellenistic period.

he will advance with a great army
The advancement with a great army signifies a major military campaign, likely aimed at reclaiming or expanding territory. This reflects the historical campaigns of Antiochus III, who sought to reassert control over regions that had been lost or contested. The term "great army" emphasizes the formidable nature of the military force, which would have included a diverse array of troops and possibly mercenaries, reflecting the complex military strategies of the time.

and many supplies
The mention of "many supplies" highlights the logistical considerations of ancient warfare. Successful military campaigns required not only soldiers but also provisions, equipment, and other resources. This detail underscores the importance of supply lines and resource management in sustaining large-scale military operations. Historically, Antiochus III's campaigns were marked by careful planning and resource allocation, which were crucial for maintaining the effectiveness and morale of his forces.

In those times many will rise up against the king of the South.
This phrase refers to a period of political upheaval and conflict. The "king of the South" is traditionally understood to be the ruler of Egypt, part of the Ptolemaic dynasty during the Hellenistic period. Historically, this aligns with the ongoing conflicts between the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt and the Seleucid Empire, which were part of the larger Diadochi wars following the death of Alexander the Great. The phrase "many will rise up" suggests a coalition or multiple factions opposing the king, indicating widespread unrest and dissatisfaction with the ruling power. This can be seen as part of the broader theme of conflict and power struggles that characterize the prophetic visions in the Book of Daniel.

Violent ones among your own people will exalt themselves in fulfillment of the vision,
Here, "your own people" refers to the Jewish people, indicating that some within the Jewish community will take aggressive action. The "violent ones" are likely those who seek to assert their own power or influence, possibly through rebellion or insurrection. This could be seen as a reference to the Maccabean Revolt, where Jewish leaders rose against the Seleucid Empire's attempts to impose Hellenistic culture and religion. The phrase "in fulfillment of the vision" suggests that these actions are part of a divine plan or prophecy, aligning with the broader narrative of Daniel where human actions are seen as fulfilling God's sovereign purposes.

but they will fail.
This indicates that the efforts of these "violent ones" will not succeed in achieving their goals. Historically, while the Maccabean Revolt did lead to a period of Jewish independence, many other uprisings and attempts to assert power during this era were unsuccessful. Theologically, this failure can be interpreted as a reminder of the limitations of human efforts when they are not aligned with God's will. It underscores the theme of divine sovereignty present throughout the Book of Daniel, where ultimate success and fulfillment of prophecy are determined by God, not by human ambition or violence.

Then the king of the North will come
This phrase refers to the Seleucid king, part of the Hellenistic kingdoms that emerged after the death of Alexander the Great. The "king of the North" is typically identified as Antiochus III, also known as Antiochus the Great. His kingdom was located in the region of modern-day Syria and extended into parts of Asia Minor. This historical context is crucial as it sets the stage for the ongoing conflict between the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, which is often referred to as the "king of the South."

build up a siege ramp
Siege warfare was a common military tactic in the ancient Near East, involving the construction of ramps to breach city walls. Archaeological evidence from various ancient sites, such as Lachish, provides insight into these methods. The use of siege ramps indicates a well-planned military strategy aimed at overcoming fortified cities, reflecting the military prowess and determination of the Seleucid forces under Antiochus III.

and capture a fortified city
The fortified city likely refers to Sidon, a strategic location in the ongoing wars between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kingdoms. The capture of such a city would have significant military and political implications, demonstrating the shifting power dynamics in the region. This event is part of the larger narrative of the struggle for control over the territories of the former Alexandrian Empire.

The forces of the South will not stand
The "forces of the South" refers to the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, which was in a state of decline during this period. The inability of the Ptolemaic forces to withstand the Seleucid assault highlights the weakening influence of Egypt in the region. This phrase underscores the fulfillment of the prophetic vision of Daniel, where the balance of power shifts in favor of the North.

even their best troops will not be able to resist
This indicates the overwhelming strength and strategic advantage of the Seleucid army. Despite the Ptolemaic forces' efforts, including deploying their elite troops, they were unable to resist the advances of Antiochus III. This reflects the broader theme of divine sovereignty and the unfolding of God's plan as revealed in the prophetic visions of Daniel. The inability to resist also serves as a reminder of the limitations of human power in the face of divine prophecy.

The invader will do as he pleases
This phrase suggests a powerful and unchecked force, often interpreted as a king or ruler with significant authority. Historically, this is seen as a reference to Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king known for his aggressive expansion and persecution of the Jewish people. His actions were largely unopposed, reflecting the prophecy's assertion of doing as he pleases. This aligns with the broader theme in Daniel of earthly powers rising and falling under divine sovereignty.

and no one will stand against him
This indicates the invader's overwhelming power and the inability of other nations or leaders to resist him. In the historical context, Antiochus IV faced little effective opposition during his campaigns, particularly in his initial invasions of Egypt and his oppressive actions in Judea. This phrase underscores the temporary success of earthly powers, which is a recurring theme in the Book of Daniel, emphasizing God's ultimate control over human history.

He will establish himself in the Beautiful Land
The "Beautiful Land" is a term often used to refer to Israel, particularly Jerusalem and its surrounding areas. This reflects the invader's occupation and control over the land that holds significant spiritual and historical importance for the Jewish people. Theologically, this occupation is seen as a challenge to God's covenant with Israel, yet it also serves as a backdrop for God's redemptive plans. The term "Beautiful Land" highlights the land's significance in biblical prophecy and its centrality in God's promises.

with destruction in his hand
This phrase conveys the destructive impact of the invader's presence in the land. Historically, Antiochus IV's reign was marked by severe persecution of the Jewish people, including the desecration of the Temple in Jerusalem. This destruction is not only physical but also spiritual, as it represents an assault on the religious and cultural identity of the Jewish nation. In a broader prophetic sense, this destruction foreshadows future tribulations and the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom, as seen in the eschatological themes throughout the Book of Daniel.

He will resolve to come with the strength of his whole kingdom
This phrase indicates a determined and strategic move by a powerful ruler, likely referring to a king from the North, traditionally understood as the Seleucid Empire. The "strength of his whole kingdom" suggests a full mobilization of resources and military might, reflecting the historical context of Hellenistic power struggles following the division of Alexander the Great's empire. This aligns with the historical actions of Antiochus III, who sought to expand his influence over the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt.

and will reach an agreement with the king of the South
The "king of the South" is typically identified as the ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt. The agreement mentioned here is a political alliance, often sealed through marriage, a common practice in ancient diplomacy to secure peace or strengthen ties between rival powers. This reflects the historical peace treaty between Antiochus III and Ptolemy V, which included a marriage alliance.

He will give him a daughter in marriage in order to overthrow the kingdom
This refers to the historical event where Antiochus III gave his daughter, Cleopatra I, in marriage to Ptolemy V. The intention behind this marriage was to gain influence over Egypt and eventually control it. This tactic of using marriage to achieve political ends is well-documented in ancient history and reflects the cunning strategies employed by rulers to expand their power.

but his plan will not succeed or help him
Despite the strategic marriage, Antiochus III's plan to control Egypt through his daughter did not succeed. Cleopatra I remained loyal to her husband and the Ptolemaic Kingdom rather than siding with her father. This outcome highlights the limitations of political alliances based on marriage and the unpredictable nature of human loyalty. It also serves as a reminder of the sovereignty of God over human affairs, as seen throughout the book of Daniel, where human plans often fail in the face of divine will.

Then he will turn his face to the coastlands
This phrase indicates a shift in focus or strategy, suggesting a military campaign directed towards the coastal regions. Historically, this refers to the actions of Antiochus III, also known as Antiochus the Great, who sought to expand his influence over the Mediterranean coastlands, including areas like Asia Minor and Greece. The "coastlands" often symbolize regions beyond Israel, indicating a broader geopolitical ambition. This expansionist policy aligns with the historical context of Hellenistic rulers seeking control over trade routes and strategic locations.

and capture many of them.
Antiochus III was initially successful in his campaigns, capturing several territories along the coast. This reflects the historical accounts of his conquests in the early 2nd century BC, where he managed to gain control over various regions, enhancing his power and influence. The phrase underscores the temporary success of earthly powers, which is a recurring theme in biblical prophecy, highlighting the transient nature of human achievements compared to God's eternal plan.

But a commander will put an end to his reproach
This part of the verse introduces a turning point, where a "commander" arises to challenge and ultimately halt Antiochus's advances. Historically, this refers to the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, who defeated Antiochus at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC. The term "reproach" suggests the disgrace or dishonor brought upon Antiochus due to his defeat. This event marks the rise of Roman power and the decline of the Seleucid Empire, illustrating the shifting dynamics of world powers as prophesied in the Bible.

and will turn it back upon him.
The defeat of Antiochus by the Roman commander not only ended his campaign but also reversed his fortunes, leading to significant losses and the imposition of harsh terms by Rome. This reversal is emblematic of the biblical principle that pride and aggression often lead to downfall, as seen in Proverbs 16:18, "Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall." The turning back of reproach upon Antiochus serves as a reminder of divine justice and the ultimate sovereignty of God over the affairs of nations.

After this, he will turn back toward the fortresses of his own land
This phrase refers to a king who, after engaging in military campaigns, decides to return to his homeland. Historically, this is often associated with Seleucus IV Philopator, a ruler of the Seleucid Empire. The "fortresses" symbolize the strongholds or fortified cities within his territory, indicating a retreat or a strategic withdrawal. This action suggests a shift in focus from expansion to consolidation, possibly due to external pressures or internal challenges. The decision to turn back can be seen as a moment of vulnerability, highlighting the transient nature of earthly power and the limitations of human ambition.

but he will stumble and fall
The imagery of stumbling and falling conveys a sudden and unexpected downfall. In the historical context, Seleucus IV's reign ended abruptly due to his assassination, orchestrated by his own officials. This serves as a reminder of the precariousness of political power and the potential for betrayal from within. Biblically, the concept of stumbling is often used to describe moral or spiritual failure, as seen in Proverbs 24:16, which speaks of the righteous falling but rising again. This phrase underscores the theme of divine sovereignty over human affairs, where God ultimately determines the rise and fall of leaders.

and be no more
This final phrase signifies the complete end of the king's reign and life. It emphasizes the finality of his demise, leaving no legacy or continuation of his rule. In the broader biblical narrative, this can be seen as a fulfillment of divine judgment, where those who oppose God's purposes are ultimately brought to nothing. The phrase echoes the transient nature of human life and power, as seen in James 4:14, which compares life to a mist that appears briefly and then vanishes. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory of God's kingdom, where earthly powers are temporary, but God's reign is eternal.

In his place one will arise
This phrase refers to the succession of rulers in the Seleucid Empire, a Hellenistic state that emerged after the division of Alexander the Great's empire. The "one" who arises is Seleucus IV Philopator, who succeeded his father, Antiochus III the Great. This transition of power is a common theme in the Book of Daniel, which often deals with the rise and fall of empires and leaders.

who will send out a tax collector for the glory of the kingdom
Seleucus IV sent Heliodorus, his finance minister, to collect taxes to replenish the kingdom's treasury, which had been depleted by war and tribute payments to Rome. This action reflects the economic pressures faced by the Seleucid Empire and highlights the burdens placed on the people. The phrase "for the glory of the kingdom" suggests that the tax collection was intended to restore the empire's former prestige and power.

but within a few days he will be destroyed
This part of the prophecy indicates the sudden and unexpected end of Seleucus IV's reign. Historically, Seleucus IV was assassinated, possibly by Heliodorus, the very official he had entrusted with tax collection. The brevity of his rule is emphasized by the phrase "within a few days," underscoring the transient nature of earthly power.

though not in anger or in battle
Seleucus IV's death was not the result of a military conflict or public uprising, but rather a political conspiracy. This aligns with the historical account of his assassination, which was a calculated move by those within his own court. The phrase suggests a peaceful yet treacherous end, contrasting with the violent ends of many other rulers described in the Book of Daniel.

In his place a despicable person will arise;
This phrase refers to a successor who is morally corrupt and contemptible. Historically, this is often identified with Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king known for his tyrannical rule and persecution of the Jewish people. The term "despicable" highlights his character and actions, which were detestable in the eyes of God and man. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of God raising up leaders according to His purposes, even when they are wicked, as seen in other scriptures like Habakkuk 1:6.

royal honors will not be given to him,
Antiochus IV did not come to power through the usual means of royal succession. He was not the rightful heir, as the throne should have gone to the son of Seleucus IV. This lack of legitimate royal honor underscores the illegitimacy of his rule. It reflects the biblical principle that God can allow rulers to rise without the traditional human endorsement, as seen in 1 Samuel 16:1, where God chooses David over Saul's descendants.

but he will come in a time of peace
Antiochus IV took advantage of a period of relative stability to assert his control. This phrase suggests a deceptive calm, where the absence of immediate conflict allowed for his subtle rise to power. It mirrors the biblical warning against false peace, as in 1 Thessalonians 5:3, where sudden destruction comes upon those who are complacent.

and seize the kingdom by intrigue.
Antiochus IV's rise was marked by cunning and deceit rather than open warfare. He used flattery, manipulation, and political maneuvering to gain control. This method of seizing power is reminiscent of the serpent's deception in Genesis 3, highlighting the theme of evil advancing through subtlety. It also foreshadows the Antichrist's rise in the end times, as described in 2 Thessalonians 2:9-10, where deception plays a key role in his ascent.

Then a flood of forces will be swept away before him
This phrase suggests a powerful and overwhelming military campaign. The imagery of a "flood" indicates a swift and unstoppable force, often used in biblical literature to describe God's judgment or a massive army (Isaiah 8:7-8). Historically, this could refer to the military conquests of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king known for his aggressive expansion and persecution of the Jewish people. The "flood" metaphor emphasizes the sudden and complete nature of the defeat faced by those opposing him.

and destroyed
The term "destroyed" implies total annihilation or defeat. In the context of Daniel 11, this destruction is not just physical but also political and spiritual, as it involves the dismantling of existing powers and structures. This aligns with the historical accounts of Antiochus IV's campaigns, where he not only defeated armies but also sought to impose Hellenistic culture and religion, challenging the Jewish faith and practices.

along with a prince of the covenant
The "prince of the covenant" likely refers to a significant leader or figure within the Jewish community, possibly the high priest. During Antiochus IV's reign, the high priesthood was a position of both religious and political importance. Some scholars suggest this could refer to Onias III, a high priest who was deposed and later murdered, or to another leader who was seen as a guardian of the Jewish covenant with God. This phrase highlights the theme of betrayal and the internal strife within the Jewish community during this tumultuous period. The "covenant" here underscores the sacred agreement between God and Israel, which was under threat from external and internal forces.

After an alliance is made with him
This phrase refers to a political agreement or treaty. In the context of Daniel 11, this likely involves a pact with a smaller or weaker nation or group. Historically, this could be linked to the alliances made by Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king known for his cunning and deceitful tactics. Alliances in the ancient Near East were often strategic, aimed at consolidating power or countering a common enemy. Biblically, alliances can be seen as both positive and negative, depending on whether they align with God's will (e.g., Joshua 9:15, where the Israelites make a treaty with the Gibeonites).

he will act deceitfully
Deceit is a recurring theme in biblical narratives, often associated with the actions of those who oppose God's people. In this context, deceit refers to the cunning and treacherous methods used by the ruler to achieve his goals. This aligns with the character of Antiochus IV, who was known for his manipulative diplomacy. Deceit is condemned throughout Scripture (e.g., Proverbs 12:22), and it is often contrasted with the truth and righteousness embodied by Jesus Christ (John 14:6).

for he will rise to power with only a few people
This phrase highlights the unexpected and unconventional rise to power. Historically, Antiochus IV gained control through a series of strategic moves and alliances, rather than through overwhelming military might. This can be seen as a fulfillment of the prophecy in Daniel, where power is obtained not by traditional means but through cunning and strategic alliances. Biblically, this contrasts with the way God often uses the weak or few to accomplish His purposes (e.g., Gideon's army in Judges 7). It also serves as a reminder of the ultimate sovereignty of God over human affairs, as seen in the rise and fall of kingdoms throughout the biblical narrative.

In a time of peace
This phrase suggests a period of apparent tranquility or stability, which is often when unexpected attacks are most effective. Historically, this could refer to a time when nations are not expecting conflict, making them vulnerable. Biblically, peace can be deceptive, as seen in 1 Thessalonians 5:3, where sudden destruction comes upon those who say "peace and safety."

he will invade the richest provinces
The "richest provinces" indicates areas of wealth and prosperity. This could be a reference to regions known for their resources or economic power. In the context of Daniel, this might allude to the Seleucid Empire's expansion under Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who sought to exploit wealthy territories. Theologically, it reflects the human tendency to covet and seize material wealth, contrasting with Jesus' teaching in Matthew 6:19-21 about storing treasures in heaven.

and do what his fathers and forefathers never did
This phrase highlights unprecedented actions, suggesting a break from tradition or previous strategies. Historically, this could indicate a new level of aggression or cunning not seen in prior generations. It underscores the idea of escalating ambition and innovation in warfare or governance, reminiscent of the "new thing" God promises in Isaiah 43:19, though in a negative context here.

He will lavish plunder, loot, and wealth on his followers
This action of distributing wealth to followers is a tactic to secure loyalty and support. It reflects a political strategy of rewarding those who support one's regime, similar to how ancient kings would distribute spoils to their soldiers. This can be contrasted with the spiritual rewards promised by Christ to His followers, as seen in Matthew 19:29.

and he will plot against the strongholds
Plotting against strongholds indicates strategic planning to overcome fortified places or centers of power. This could symbolize both literal military campaigns and metaphorical attacks on established institutions or beliefs. In a spiritual sense, it parallels the devil's schemes against the strongholds of faith, as mentioned in Ephesians 6:11-12.

but only for a time
This phrase suggests a limitation on the success or duration of these actions. It implies that the power and influence of this figure are temporary, aligning with the biblical theme that earthly power is fleeting. This is echoed in Ecclesiastes 3:1, which speaks of a time for every purpose under heaven, and in the ultimate triumph of God's eternal kingdom as prophesied in Daniel 2:44.

And with a large army
This phrase indicates the scale and magnitude of the military force involved. Historically, this reflects the period of the Hellenistic kingdoms following the division of Alexander the Great's empire. The Seleucid Empire, often associated with the "king of the North," frequently engaged in large-scale military campaigns. The size of the army underscores the significant resources and manpower available, typical of the era's major powers.

he will stir up his power and his courage
The act of stirring up power and courage suggests a deliberate and strategic preparation for battle. This reflects the aggressive and ambitious nature of the Seleucid rulers, particularly Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who is often identified with the "king of the North." The phrase also implies a psychological readiness, emphasizing the leader's determination and resolve.

against the king of the South
The "king of the South" typically refers to the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. The ongoing conflict between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kingdoms, known as the Syrian Wars, is a historical backdrop for this passage. These wars were characterized by territorial disputes and power struggles, with both sides vying for control over the Levant and other strategic regions.

who will mobilize a very large and powerful army
This mirrors the earlier description of the northern king's forces, highlighting the formidable nature of the Ptolemaic military. The Ptolemies, like their Seleucid counterparts, had access to vast resources and could field significant armies. This balance of power sets the stage for a major confrontation, typical of the era's geopolitical dynamics.

but will not withstand the plots devised against him
Despite the strength of the Ptolemaic army, internal and external plots undermine their efforts. This could refer to political intrigue, betrayal, or strategic miscalculations. Historically, the Ptolemaic kingdom faced internal strife and external pressures, which often weakened their position. Theologically, this can be seen as a reminder of the limitations of human power and the sovereignty of divine plans, as seen in other biblical narratives where God’s purposes prevail despite human schemes.

Those who eat from his provisions will seek to destroy him;
This phrase suggests betrayal by those who are close to the king, likely his trusted advisors or courtiers. In the historical context of the Seleucid Empire, this could refer to the internal treachery faced by Antiochus II Theos, who was betrayed by those within his own court. Biblically, this theme of betrayal by close associates is echoed in the story of Judas Iscariot betraying Jesus (Matthew 26:14-16). The phrase highlights the vulnerability of leaders to those within their inner circle, a recurring theme in the Bible.

his army will be swept away,
This indicates a significant military defeat. Historically, this could refer to the battles where Antiochus II faced losses due to internal strife and external pressures. The imagery of an army being "swept away" is reminiscent of other biblical passages where God allows or causes the defeat of armies, such as in Exodus 14:27-28, where the Egyptian army is swept away in the Red Sea. It underscores the idea that human power is ultimately subject to divine will.

and many will fall slain.
This phrase emphasizes the scale of the defeat and the loss of life. In the context of Daniel's prophecies, it reflects the tumultuous and often violent transitions of power among the Hellenistic kingdoms following Alexander the Great's death. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of the consequences of political intrigue and the fragility of human life. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory of God's kingdom, where such violence will cease (Revelation 21:4).

And the two kings, with their hearts bent on evil,
This phrase refers to the kings of the North and the South, likely representing the Seleucid and Ptolemaic empires. Historically, this could be Antiochus IV Epiphanes of the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemy VI of Egypt. Their hearts being "bent on evil" suggests deceitful intentions and a lack of integrity, reflecting the broader theme of human sinfulness and the corrupt nature of political power. This aligns with the biblical understanding of the human heart as deceitful (Jeremiah 17:9).

will speak lies at the same table,
The imagery of speaking lies at the same table indicates a diplomatic meeting or negotiation where deceit is prevalent. This reflects the historical context of political alliances and treaties that were often fraught with betrayal and ulterior motives. The table symbolizes a place of supposed peace and agreement, yet it is marred by dishonesty, reminiscent of Psalm 41:9, where even close companions can betray.

but to no avail,
Despite their deceitful plans, their efforts will ultimately fail. This highlights the futility of human schemes against the divine plan. It echoes the biblical principle that human plans are subject to God's sovereign will (Proverbs 19:21). The phrase reassures believers that evil, no matter how cunning, cannot thwart God's purposes.

for still the end will come at the appointed time.
This emphasizes the certainty and sovereignty of God's timing in the unfolding of history. The "appointed time" suggests a divinely ordained schedule, reinforcing the prophetic nature of Daniel's visions. It connects to the broader biblical theme of God's control over history and the fulfillment of prophecy, as seen in Ecclesiastes 3:1 and Galatians 4:4. This phrase assures believers of God's ultimate victory and the fulfillment of His promises, pointing to the eschatological hope found in Christ's return.

The king of the North will return to his land with great wealth
This phrase refers to a ruler from the Seleucid Empire, historically identified as Antiochus IV Epiphanes. After his campaigns in Egypt, he returned with substantial spoils, reflecting the historical accounts of his plundering. The "king of the North" is a term used throughout Daniel to describe the Seleucid rulers, who were north of Israel. This wealth accumulation is consistent with the historical context of Hellenistic rulers who often financed their empires through conquest and plunder.

but his heart will be set against the holy covenant
The "holy covenant" refers to the Jewish faith and practices, particularly the Mosaic Law and the temple worship in Jerusalem. Antiochus IV is known for his aggressive Hellenization policies, which included attempts to suppress Jewish religious practices. His heart being set against the covenant indicates his hostility towards the Jewish religion, which is documented in the historical accounts of his desecration of the temple and the persecution of the Jews, leading to the Maccabean Revolt.

so he will do damage
This damage is understood as the persecution and oppression of the Jewish people, including the desecration of the Second Temple. Antiochus IV's actions are seen as a direct attack on the Jewish faith, fulfilling the prophecy of a ruler who would cause great suffering. This aligns with the broader theme in Daniel of earthly kingdoms opposing God's people, a motif that resonates with the apocalyptic literature's portrayal of the struggle between good and evil.

and return to his own land
After his campaigns and the imposition of his policies, Antiochus IV returned to his own territory. This return signifies a temporary withdrawal, as his actions set the stage for further conflict and resistance from the Jewish people. The cyclical nature of his campaigns and returns highlights the ongoing tension between the Seleucid Empire and the Jewish nation, a theme that is echoed in the broader narrative of Daniel, where earthly powers rise and fall under divine sovereignty.

At the appointed time
This phrase indicates a divinely ordained moment, suggesting that the events are under God's sovereign control. The concept of an "appointed time" is seen throughout Scripture, such as in Ecclesiastes 3:1 and Habakkuk 2:3, emphasizing God's timing in the unfolding of history.

he will invade the South again
The "he" refers to a king of the North, traditionally understood as a Seleucid ruler, likely Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The "South" refers to Egypt, ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty. This historical context is crucial, as the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kingdoms were major Hellenistic powers following the division of Alexander the Great's empire. The repeated invasions highlight the ongoing conflict between these two regions.

but this time will not be like the first
This suggests a change in the outcome or nature of the invasion compared to previous encounters. Historically, Antiochus IV's earlier campaigns against Egypt were initially successful, but this subsequent attempt would not achieve the same results. This phrase may also imply a shift in strategy or divine intervention altering the course of events. The unpredictability of human plans in contrast to God's ultimate plan is a theme echoed in Proverbs 19:21.

Ships of Kittim will come against him
The term "Kittim" historically refers to the people of Cyprus and, by extension, the western maritime powers. In the context of Daniel 11, it likely represents Roman forces. This phrase indicates a military intervention by a powerful naval force, which historically aligns with Roman intervention in the region. The "ships of Kittim" symbolize a formidable opposition that disrupts the plans of the king of the North, traditionally identified as Antiochus IV Epiphanes. This intervention is a turning point, as it halts his campaign against Egypt.

and he will lose heart
The phrase "lose heart" suggests a significant emotional and strategic setback for Antiochus IV. Historically, this aligns with the Roman envoy Gaius Popillius Laenas confronting Antiochus and demanding his withdrawal from Egypt. The king's loss of heart reflects his recognition of Roman supremacy and the futility of resisting their demands. This moment of humiliation is pivotal, as it forces him to abandon his ambitions in Egypt.

Then he will turn back and rage against the holy covenant and do damage
Frustrated by his defeat, Antiochus redirects his anger towards Jerusalem and the Jewish people, who are under the "holy covenant" with God. This phrase captures his subsequent persecution of the Jews, including the desecration of the Temple and the suppression of Jewish religious practices. This act of rage is a fulfillment of earlier prophecies about the suffering of God's people and serves as a precursor to the abomination of desolation mentioned later in Daniel.

So he will return and show favor to those who forsake the holy covenant
Antiochus seeks to consolidate his power by aligning with Hellenized Jews who abandon their faith. These individuals, who forsake the "holy covenant," are rewarded for their apostasy, receiving political and social favor. This division among the Jewish people highlights the internal strife and the pressure to conform to Hellenistic culture. Theologically, this phrase underscores the theme of faithfulness versus compromise, a recurring motif in biblical narratives.

His forces will rise up
This phrase refers to the military power that will be used to achieve the objectives described in the prophecy. Historically, this is often associated with the actions of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king known for his oppressive rule over the Jewish people. His forces were instrumental in enforcing his decrees and suppressing Jewish religious practices.

and desecrate the temple fortress.
The temple fortress refers to the Jewish temple in Jerusalem, which was both a religious and a defensive structure. The desecration involved the defilement of the temple, making it unclean and unfit for worship according to Jewish law. This act is historically linked to Antiochus IV, who is said to have sacrificed pigs on the altar and erected a statue of Zeus within the temple precincts, actions that were deeply offensive to the Jewish faith.

They will abolish the daily sacrifice
The daily sacrifice was a central aspect of Jewish worship, involving the offering of lambs every morning and evening. The cessation of these sacrifices represented a significant disruption to the religious life of the Jewish people. This abolition is seen as a direct attack on the worship of Yahweh and an attempt to impose Hellenistic practices and beliefs.

and set up the abomination of desolation.
The "abomination of desolation" is a term used to describe a sacrilegious act that causes the temple to be abandoned by God. In the context of Daniel, it is often interpreted as the erection of a pagan altar or idol within the temple. This event is seen as a foreshadowing of future desecrations, including those mentioned by Jesus in the New Testament (Matthew 24:15, Mark 13:14), which some interpret as referring to the destruction of the temple in AD 70 or future eschatological events.

With flattery he will corrupt those who violate the covenant
This phrase refers to the tactics used by a deceitful leader, often identified as Antiochus IV Epiphanes in historical context. He used charm and deceit to win over those who were already inclined to break their covenant with God. The "covenant" here refers to the Mosaic Covenant, which was central to Jewish identity and religious practice. Flattery and manipulation are common tools of leaders who seek to undermine faithfulness to God, as seen in other biblical narratives such as the serpent's deception in Genesis 3. This tactic is a warning against the seductive power of words that lead believers away from their commitments to God.

but the people who know their God
This phrase highlights the distinction between those who are swayed by deceit and those who remain steadfast. "Knowing God" implies a deep, personal relationship and understanding of His character and promises. This is reminiscent of the call to know God in passages like Jeremiah 9:24 and John 17:3. The emphasis is on an intimate knowledge that goes beyond mere intellectual assent, involving trust and obedience. Historically, this group is often associated with the Maccabees, who resisted Hellenistic influences and fought to preserve Jewish law and worship.

will firmly resist him
The resistance mentioned here is both spiritual and physical. The people who know their God are empowered to stand against the corrupting influence of the leader. This resistance is not passive but active, involving a commitment to uphold God's laws and principles. The Maccabean Revolt is a historical example of such resistance, where Jewish fighters stood against the imposition of Greek culture and religion. This phrase also foreshadows the New Testament call for believers to resist the devil (James 4:7) and to stand firm in the faith (Ephesians 6:13-14). It underscores the theme of perseverance and faithfulness in the face of persecution and deception.

Those with insight will instruct many
This phrase refers to individuals who possess spiritual wisdom and understanding, often seen as leaders or teachers within the faith community. In the context of Daniel, these are likely the faithful Jews who remain true to God's covenant during times of persecution. The role of instructing many suggests a responsibility to guide others in truth and righteousness, similar to the role of prophets and wise men in Israel's history. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of the wise imparting knowledge, as seen in Proverbs 9:9 and Matthew 28:19-20, where Jesus commands His disciples to teach all nations.

though for a time they will fall by sword or flame
This part of the verse indicates a period of persecution and suffering for those who are faithful. Historically, this can be linked to the Maccabean period, where Jews faced severe oppression under Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The mention of "sword or flame" symbolizes violent death and martyrdom, reflecting the harsh realities faced by those who stand firm in their faith. This echoes the trials faced by early Christians, as seen in Hebrews 11:36-38, where believers endured torture and death for their faith.

or be captured or plundered
This phrase highlights the additional forms of persecution, including imprisonment and loss of property. Such experiences were common for the Jewish people during the Seleucid Empire's reign and later for Christians under Roman rule. The idea of being captured or plundered also resonates with the experiences of the Israelites throughout their history, such as during the Babylonian exile. This serves as a reminder of the cost of discipleship, as Jesus warned in Matthew 10:17-22 about the trials His followers would face.

Now when they fall
This phrase refers to a time of persecution and suffering for the faithful. Historically, this can be linked to the period of the Maccabean Revolt, where the Jewish people faced oppression under Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The "fall" signifies a period of trial and testing, which is a recurring theme in the Bible, seen in the trials of Job and the persecution of early Christians (e.g., Acts 8:1).

they will be granted a little help
The "little help" suggests divine intervention or support, albeit limited. During the Maccabean period, this could refer to the initial successes of the Maccabean forces against their oppressors. Biblically, God often provides aid to His people in times of distress, as seen in the deliverance of Israel from Egypt (Exodus 14) and the support given to the early church (Acts 12:5-11).

but many will join them insincerely
This indicates that not all who join the cause are genuine in their intentions. Historically, during the Maccabean Revolt, some joined the resistance for personal gain or out of fear rather than true conviction. This reflects the biblical theme of the wheat and the tares (Matthew 13:24-30), where true believers and false followers coexist. It also warns of the dangers of hypocrisy and the need for discernment within the community of faith.

Some of the wise will fall
This phrase suggests that even those with understanding and insight will face trials and persecution. In the context of Daniel, "the wise" refers to those who are faithful to God and possess spiritual discernment. Historically, this can be linked to the persecution of the Jews under Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king who sought to impose Hellenistic culture and religion. The falling of the wise can be seen as a test of faith, similar to the trials faced by early Christians and other biblical figures like Job.

so that they may be refined, purified, and made spotless
The process of refining and purifying is a common biblical metaphor for spiritual growth and sanctification. This imagery is used throughout Scripture, such as in Malachi 3:3, where God is described as a refiner and purifier of silver. The trials faced by the wise serve to strengthen their faith and character, removing impurities and making them more like Christ. This aligns with the New Testament teachings in James 1:2-4, which speak of trials producing perseverance and maturity.

until the time of the end
This phrase indicates that the period of testing and purification has a divine timeline. The "time of the end" is a recurring theme in apocalyptic literature, referring to the culmination of God's plan for history. In Daniel, this often points to the eschatological future when God's kingdom will be fully established. It suggests that the suffering of the wise is temporary and purposeful, leading to a greater fulfillment in God's redemptive plan.

for it will still come at the appointed time
This emphasizes God's sovereignty and the certainty of His prophetic timetable. Despite appearances, God's purposes will be accomplished at the precise moment He has determined. This assurance is echoed in Habakkuk 2:3, which speaks of the vision awaiting its appointed time and not proving false. The phrase reassures believers that God's promises are trustworthy and that His plans will unfold according to His perfect timing, offering hope and encouragement amidst trials.

Then the king will do as he pleases
This phrase suggests a ruler with unchecked power and authority, acting according to his own desires without regard for others. Historically, this could refer to Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king known for his tyrannical rule over Israel. In a prophetic sense, it is often associated with the Antichrist, a future figure who will similarly act with autonomy and defiance against divine authority.

and will exalt and magnify himself above every god
This indicates a level of arrogance and self-deification. Antiochus IV declared himself as a god, even placing his image in the Jewish temple. In a broader prophetic context, this mirrors the actions of the Antichrist, as described in 2 Thessalonians 2:4, who will oppose and exalt himself over everything that is called God or is worshiped.

and he will speak monstrous things against the God of gods
The phrase "monstrous things" implies blasphemy and extreme disrespect. Antiochus IV desecrated the Jewish temple and outlawed Jewish religious practices. Prophetically, this aligns with the blasphemies of the Antichrist, who will speak against God, as seen in Revelation 13:5-6.

He will be successful until the time of wrath is completed
This suggests a temporary period of triumph for this king, limited by divine timing. Historically, Antiochus IV had a period of dominance before his downfall. In eschatological terms, the Antichrist will have a limited reign during the tribulation period, as described in Daniel 7:25 and Revelation 13:5, until God's judgment is fulfilled.

for what has been decreed must be accomplished
This emphasizes the sovereignty of God and the certainty of His prophetic word. The events described are part of God's predetermined plan, highlighting the theme of divine control over history. This assurance is echoed in Isaiah 46:10, where God declares the end from the beginning, ensuring that His purposes will stand.

He will show no regard for the gods of his fathers
This phrase suggests a departure from traditional religious beliefs, indicating a significant shift in allegiance or faith. Historically, this could refer to a ruler or leader who abandons the deities worshiped by his ancestors, which was a radical move in ancient cultures where continuity of worship was common. In the context of Daniel, this is often interpreted as a prophecy about a future ruler who will reject the established religious norms. This can be connected to the broader theme in Daniel of rulers who defy God, such as Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar, who both faced consequences for their pride and idolatry.

nor for the one desired by women
This phrase has been subject to various interpretations. Some suggest it refers to a specific deity, possibly Tammuz or Adonis, who was associated with fertility and was particularly revered by women in ancient Near Eastern cultures. Others interpret it as a reference to the Messiah, whom Jewish women desired to be the mother of, thus indicating a rejection of the messianic hope. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of the Antichrist figure who opposes Christ and His followers.

nor for any other god
This indicates a total rejection of all forms of deity, suggesting an atheistic or self-deifying stance. In the historical context of Daniel, this could be seen as a ruler who places himself above all religious systems, similar to the actions of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who desecrated the Jewish temple. This behavior is echoed in the New Testament's depiction of the Antichrist, who exalts himself above all that is called God (2 Thessalonians 2:4).

because he will magnify himself above them all
This phrase highlights the pride and self-exaltation of the figure in question, a common theme in biblical prophecy concerning end-times rulers. This self-magnification is reminiscent of Lucifer's fall due to pride (Isaiah 14:12-14) and is a direct challenge to the sovereignty of God. In the context of Daniel, it serves as a warning against the dangers of hubris and the ultimate downfall that comes from setting oneself above God, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture, including the accounts of the Tower of Babel and the pride of Herod Agrippa.

And in their place, he will honor a god of fortresses
This phrase suggests a shift in allegiance or worship, indicating that the king will replace traditional deities with a new focus on military power and might. The "god of fortresses" symbolizes reliance on military strength and fortifications rather than spiritual or divine guidance. Historically, this reflects the Hellenistic period's emphasis on military conquest and defense. Theologically, it contrasts with the biblical teaching that true security comes from God, not human strength (Psalm 20:7).

a god his fathers did not know
This indicates the introduction of a new form of worship or deity that was unfamiliar to the king's ancestors. It suggests a departure from traditional religious practices, possibly reflecting the influence of Greek culture and religion during the time of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who is often associated with this prophecy. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of idolatry and the dangers of forsaking the worship of the true God (Deuteronomy 32:17).

with gold, silver, precious stones, and riches
The use of wealth to honor this new god highlights the materialistic and idolatrous nature of the king's worship. It reflects the historical context of rulers who amassed wealth to display power and secure loyalty. Biblically, this can be seen as a critique of valuing material wealth over spiritual devotion, echoing warnings against idolatry and the love of money (1 Timothy 6:10). The lavish offerings also underscore the futility of trusting in riches rather than God (Proverbs 11:28).

He will attack the strongest fortresses
This phrase suggests a powerful military campaign against seemingly impregnable defenses. In the context of Daniel 11, this likely refers to the actions of a king or ruler who seeks to expand his dominion through force. Historically, this could be linked to the actions of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who aggressively expanded his territory. Theologically, it may also foreshadow the Antichrist's future actions, as described in eschatological prophecies, where he will wage war against strongholds, both physical and spiritual.

with the help of a foreign god
The "foreign god" implies reliance on a deity not traditionally worshiped by the Israelites. This could refer to the Hellenistic gods introduced by Antiochus IV, who promoted the worship of Zeus. In a broader prophetic sense, it may symbolize the Antichrist's reliance on demonic powers or ideologies contrary to the God of Israel. This aligns with the biblical theme of false gods leading people astray, as seen in passages like Deuteronomy 32:16-17.

and will greatly honor those who acknowledge him
This indicates a system of rewards for loyalty, where the ruler bestows honor and possibly wealth or power on those who support his regime. Historically, Antiochus IV rewarded those who adopted Hellenistic customs and supported his rule. In a prophetic context, this could parallel the Antichrist's manipulation of people through incentives, as seen in Revelation 13:16-17, where allegiance is rewarded with economic benefits.

making them rulers over many
This suggests the delegation of authority to loyal followers, establishing a hierarchy that supports the ruler's agenda. Historically, this was a common practice among ancient empires to maintain control over vast territories. In a prophetic sense, it may reflect the Antichrist's strategy to consolidate power by appointing leaders who will enforce his policies, reminiscent of the ten kings in Revelation 17:12-13.

and distributing the land for a price
This phrase implies the selling or granting of land as a means of securing loyalty or raising funds. Historically, rulers like Antiochus IV might have used land grants to reward supporters or finance military campaigns. In a prophetic interpretation, it could symbolize the Antichrist's exploitation of resources and people for personal gain, echoing the corrupt practices condemned by prophets like Micah (Micah 3:11).

At the time of the end
This phrase refers to a future period often associated with the culmination of human history and the fulfillment of divine prophecy. It is a time marked by significant upheaval and the final establishment of God's kingdom. The "time of the end" is a recurring theme in apocalyptic literature, including the Book of Daniel and Revelation, indicating a period of intense conflict and divine intervention.

the king of the South will engage him in battle
The "king of the South" is traditionally understood to represent a power or coalition located to the south of Israel, historically associated with Egypt. In the context of Daniel, this could refer to a future geopolitical entity or alliance that opposes the forces of the "king of the North." The engagement in battle suggests a significant military conflict, reflecting the ongoing struggle between opposing forces throughout history.

but the king of the North will storm out against him
The "king of the North" is often identified with powers to the north of Israel, historically linked to the Seleucid Empire. In a prophetic context, this could symbolize a future northern power or coalition. The imagery of "storming out" conveys a sudden and aggressive military campaign, indicating a decisive and forceful response to the southern threat.

with chariots, horsemen, and many ships
This phrase describes the military might and resources of the "king of the North." Chariots and horsemen were key components of ancient warfare, symbolizing speed and strength. The inclusion of "many ships" suggests a formidable naval presence, indicating a comprehensive and multi-faceted military strategy. This reflects the historical context of ancient Near Eastern warfare, where such elements were crucial for dominance.

invading many countries and sweeping through them like a flood
The imagery of a flood conveys overwhelming force and unstoppable advance, suggesting that the "king of the North" will achieve significant territorial expansion and conquest. This phrase highlights the extensive impact of the conflict, affecting multiple nations and regions. The metaphor of a flood is used elsewhere in scripture to describe God's judgment and the destructive power of invading armies, emphasizing the severity and scope of the events described.

He will also invade the Beautiful Land
The "Beautiful Land" refers to Israel, often called the "Glorious Land" in biblical texts. This term highlights the land's significance as the Promised Land given to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Historically, Israel has been a focal point of conflict due to its strategic location at the crossroads of major ancient civilizations. The prophecy in Daniel 11 is often associated with the actions of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Hellenistic king known for his persecution of the Jewish people and desecration of the Temple. This invasion can also be seen as a foreshadowing of future events, possibly relating to eschatological prophecies concerning the end times.

and many countries will fall
This phrase suggests a widespread conquest and domination by the invading force. Historically, this aligns with the expansionist policies of empires like the Seleucids under Antiochus IV. Theologically, it reflects the transient nature of earthly kingdoms in contrast to the eternal kingdom of God. The fall of many nations can also be seen as a precursor to the ultimate establishment of God's dominion, as prophesied in other parts of Daniel and Revelation.

But these will be delivered from his hand: Edom, Moab, and the leaders of the Ammonites
Edom, Moab, and Ammon were ancient nations located east of Israel, often in conflict with the Israelites. Their exemption from conquest in this prophecy is intriguing, as these regions were historically subjugated by various empires. This deliverance could symbolize God's sovereignty and the selective nature of His protection. In a broader prophetic context, it may indicate the preservation of certain groups for a specific purpose in God's plan. These nations, though often adversaries of Israel, are mentioned in eschatological prophecies, suggesting a future role in the unfolding of divine events.

He will extend his power over many countries
This phrase suggests a ruler with expansive dominion, likely referring to a future king or leader with significant influence. In the context of Daniel 11, this is often interpreted as a prophecy concerning a powerful figure in the end times. Historically, this could be linked to rulers like Alexander the Great or Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who had vast empires. Biblically, this echoes the dominion of the Antichrist as described in Revelation, who will have authority over many nations. Theologically, it reflects the theme of human ambition and the transient nature of earthly power, contrasting with God's eternal kingdom.

and not even the land of Egypt will escape
Egypt, historically a powerful and influential nation, often symbolizes worldly strength and wealth in the Bible. The mention of Egypt here indicates that even the most formidable nations will not be immune to this ruler's reach. In the biblical narrative, Egypt frequently appears as a place of refuge and conflict for Israel, from the time of Abraham to the Exodus. This phrase may also allude to the historical conflicts between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires, where Egypt was a significant player. Prophetically, it underscores the comprehensive nature of the prophesied ruler's control, suggesting a time of great upheaval and change, where traditional powers are subdued.

He will gain control of the treasures of gold and silver
This phrase indicates a significant accumulation of wealth and power. Historically, Egypt was known for its vast wealth, particularly in gold and silver, which were symbols of economic strength. The control over these treasures suggests a dominant political and military influence. In biblical context, wealth often signifies power and influence, as seen in the reigns of kings like Solomon (1 Kings 10:14-29). This control could also symbolize the broader theme of earthly kingdoms and their transient nature compared to God's eternal kingdom.

and over all the riches of Egypt
Egypt, a prominent nation in biblical history, was often seen as a symbol of worldly power and idolatry. The phrase suggests a complete domination over Egypt's resources, reflecting the historical invasions and conquests by foreign powers. Egypt's wealth was not only in precious metals but also in agriculture and trade. This control could be seen as a fulfillment of prophecies regarding the rise and fall of nations, as Egypt was frequently mentioned in prophetic literature (Isaiah 19, Ezekiel 29-30).

and the Libyans and Cushites will also submit to him
Libya and Cush (modern-day Sudan and parts of Ethiopia) were regions south and west of Egypt, known for their own distinct cultures and resources. Their submission indicates a broader geopolitical influence extending beyond Egypt. Historically, these regions had interactions with Israel and Egypt, often as allies or adversaries (Jeremiah 46:9, Ezekiel 30:4-5). The submission of these nations could symbolize the reach of the prophesied ruler's power, aligning with the biblical theme of God's sovereignty over all nations (Psalm 22:28). This also reflects the eschatological vision where all nations ultimately submit to God's authority.

But news from the east and the north will alarm him
This phrase suggests a significant geopolitical shift that causes concern for the king of the North, traditionally interpreted as a ruler or empire opposed to God's people. Historically, the east and north could refer to regions like Persia and Media or even further afield, such as the Parthians or Scythians. In the context of Daniel, this could symbolize threats from unexpected quarters, disrupting the king's plans. Biblically, the east often represents a place of origin for invaders (e.g., the Magi in Matthew 2:1-2), while the north is frequently associated with judgment (e.g., Jeremiah 1:14-15).

and he will go out with great fury
The king's reaction is one of intense anger and aggression, indicating a desperate attempt to maintain control. This fury can be seen as a reflection of the spiritual battle between good and evil, where earthly rulers are often depicted as pawns in a larger cosmic struggle. Theologically, this mirrors the wrath of earthly powers against divine purposes, as seen in Revelation 12:12, where Satan's fury is unleashed because he knows his time is short.

to destroy many
The intent to destroy many highlights the destructive nature of the king's campaign. This aligns with the broader theme in Daniel of earthly kingdoms rising and falling, often through violence and conquest. Historically, this could be seen in the actions of rulers like Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who persecuted the Jewish people. Theologically, it reflects the ongoing persecution of God's people throughout history, as seen in Matthew 24:9, where Jesus warns of future tribulations.

and devote them to destruction
This phrase echoes the concept of "herem" in the Old Testament, where something is devoted to destruction as an offering to God, often in the context of holy war (e.g., Joshua 6:17). It implies a total annihilation, not just a military defeat. In a prophetic sense, this could symbolize the ultimate judgment against those who oppose God's kingdom. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of the finality of God's justice, as seen in Revelation 19:11-21, where Christ returns to judge and wage war against the nations.

He will pitch his royal tents
This phrase suggests a temporary military encampment, indicating a strategic move by a powerful leader. In ancient times, pitching tents was a common practice for armies on the move. The imagery of "royal tents" implies a king or ruler, possibly a reference to a future antagonist or a type of antichrist figure. This aligns with the broader context of Daniel 11, which details conflicts involving kings of the North and South.

between the sea and the beautiful holy mountain
The "sea" likely refers to the Mediterranean Sea, a significant geographical landmark in the region. The "beautiful holy mountain" is traditionally understood as Mount Zion in Jerusalem, a central place in Jewish worship and prophecy. This location suggests a confrontation near Jerusalem, a city of immense religious and historical significance. The proximity to Jerusalem may symbolize an attack on God's people or a challenge to divine authority.

but he will meet his end
This phrase indicates the ultimate downfall of the ruler described. Despite his power and strategic positioning, his demise is certain. This reflects a recurring biblical theme where earthly powers are ultimately subject to divine judgment. It echoes the fate of other historical figures in the Bible who opposed God's purposes, such as Pharaoh in Exodus.

with no one to help him
The absence of assistance highlights the isolation and vulnerability of this leader at the time of his downfall. It suggests a divine orchestration where human alliances and power structures fail. This can be seen as a fulfillment of prophetic judgment, where God alone determines the rise and fall of nations and leaders. It also parallels other scriptural instances where God intervenes directly, leaving adversaries without support, such as in the battles described in the books of Kings and Chronicles.