Now King Xerxes
King Xerxes, also known as Ahasuerus in Hebrew, was the ruler of the Persian Empire from 486 to 465 BC. He is historically recognized as Xerxes I, the son of Darius the Great. His reign is noted for its vast empire, stretching from India to Ethiopia, and for his ambitious but ultimately unsuccessful campaign against Greece. In the biblical narrative, Xerxes is the king who chose Esther as his queen, setting the stage for the events in the Book of Esther. His character is often seen as a type of worldly power and authority, contrasting with the divine providence that guides the story.

imposed tribute
Tribute was a common practice in ancient empires, serving as a means of asserting control and generating revenue. It involved the collection of taxes or goods from conquered territories. This practice is seen throughout the Old Testament, such as in 2 Kings 23:33-35, where Pharaoh Neco imposed tribute on Judah. The imposition of tribute by Xerxes reflects the administrative and economic strategies of the Persian Empire, which relied on a complex system of satrapies and local governance to maintain its vast territories.

throughout the land
The phrase "throughout the land" indicates the extensive reach of Xerxes' rule. The Persian Empire was one of the largest empires in ancient history, encompassing diverse cultures and peoples. This vastness is echoed in Esther 1:1, which describes the empire as stretching from India to Cush. The administration of such a large territory required efficient systems of communication and governance, which were facilitated by the Royal Road and other infrastructure.

even to its farthest shores
The "farthest shores" likely refer to the extremities of the Persian Empire, which included regions along the Mediterranean Sea and possibly the Indian Ocean. This phrase emphasizes the comprehensive nature of Xerxes' authority and the extent of his dominion. It also highlights the geopolitical significance of the empire, which served as a bridge between East and West. The mention of distant shores can be seen as a reminder of the global scope of God's providence, as the events in Esther ultimately lead to the preservation of the Jewish people, ensuring the continuation of the messianic line.

And all of Mordecai’s powerful and magnificent accomplishments
Mordecai's rise to prominence is a central theme in the Book of Esther. His accomplishments include his role in thwarting a plot against King Xerxes (Ahasuerus) and his influence in saving the Jewish people from Haman's decree. Mordecai's actions demonstrate the providence of God working through individuals to achieve His purposes. His story parallels Joseph's rise to power in Egypt, where both figures are elevated to positions of influence in foreign courts.

together with the full account of the greatness to which the king had raised him
Mordecai's elevation by King Xerxes signifies a dramatic reversal of fortune, a common motif in biblical narratives. This phrase highlights the king's recognition of Mordecai's loyalty and wisdom, which led to his promotion. The king's favor towards Mordecai can be seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to bless those who bless His people (Genesis 12:3). Mordecai's rise also prefigures the exaltation of Christ, who was raised to the highest place of honor after His suffering (Philippians 2:9).

are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Media and Persia?
This rhetorical question emphasizes the historical authenticity and significance of Mordecai's achievements. The "Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Media and Persia" refers to official records kept by the Persian Empire, similar to the annals mentioned in Esther 2:23 and 6:1. While these specific records have not survived, their mention underscores the historical context of the narrative. The inclusion of Mordecai's deeds in such records suggests the lasting impact of his actions on the Persian Empire, much like the enduring legacy of biblical figures whose stories are recorded in Scripture.

For Mordecai the Jew was second only to King Xerxes
Mordecai's rise to power is significant in the context of the Persian Empire, where he became the highest-ranking official under King Xerxes (also known as Ahasuerus). This mirrors the story of Joseph in Egypt, who also rose to a position of great authority under Pharaoh (Genesis 41:40-41). Mordecai's ascent highlights God's providence and the fulfillment of His plans through faithful individuals. Historically, the Persian Empire was vast, and being second in command meant Mordecai wielded considerable influence, which he used to protect and benefit the Jewish people.

preeminent among the Jews
Mordecai's preeminence among the Jews signifies his leadership and the respect he commanded within the Jewish community. This status was not only due to his position in the Persian court but also because of his role in saving the Jews from Haman's plot (Esther 8:15-17). His leadership is reminiscent of other Jewish leaders like Moses and David, who were also esteemed among their people. Mordecai's prominence is a testament to his character and the divine favor upon him.

and highly favored by his many kinsmen
Mordecai's favor among his kinsmen indicates the unity and support he received from the Jewish community. This favor was likely due to his integrity, wisdom, and the deliverance he helped secure for the Jews. It reflects the biblical principle that righteous leadership earns the trust and admiration of the people (Proverbs 29:2). Mordecai's favor also underscores the importance of community and solidarity among the Jewish people during their time in exile.

seeking the good of his people
Mordecai's actions were motivated by a desire to seek the welfare of his people, aligning with the biblical mandate to love one's neighbor and seek justice (Micah 6:8). His leadership was characterized by selflessness and a commitment to the common good, which is a hallmark of godly leadership. This phrase also echoes the role of Christ, who came to seek and save the lost and work for the good of humanity (Luke 19:10).

and speaking peace to all his countrymen
Mordecai's efforts to speak peace reflect the biblical ideal of shalom, which encompasses wholeness, harmony, and well-being. His leadership brought stability and peace to the Jewish community within the Persian Empire. This peace is not merely the absence of conflict but the presence of justice and righteousness, akin to the peace that Christ offers to believers (John 14:27). Mordecai's role as a peacemaker is a model for Christian conduct, emphasizing reconciliation and harmony.