On the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, the month of Adar
The thirteenth day of Adar is significant in the Jewish calendar as it marks the eve of Purim, a festival celebrating the deliverance of the Jewish people from a plot to annihilate them. Adar is the twelfth month in the Hebrew calendar, typically falling in February or March. This timing is crucial as it represents the culmination of the events set in motion by Haman's decree, which was issued earlier in the year. The choice of the thirteenth day, determined by casting lots (Purim), was intended by Haman to be a day of destruction for the Jews, but it became a day of victory instead.

the king’s command and edict were to be executed
The king's command refers to the decree initially issued by King Ahasuerus (Xerxes I) at the instigation of Haman, which allowed for the destruction of the Jews. However, after Esther's intervention, a second edict was issued permitting the Jews to defend themselves. This duality of decrees highlights the irrevocable nature of Persian law, where a king's edict could not be repealed but could be countered by another decree. This legal framework is seen elsewhere in the Book of Daniel, where the laws of the Medes and Persians are described as unchangeable.

On this day the enemies of the Jews had hoped to overpower them
The enemies of the Jews, emboldened by the initial decree, anticipated an easy victory. This reflects the deep-seated animosity and anti-Semitism present in the Persian Empire, which Haman had exploited. The expectation of overpowering the Jews was based on the assumption that the Jews would be unprepared or unable to defend themselves effectively. This phrase underscores the tension and fear that must have been prevalent among the Jewish communities leading up to this day.

but their plan was overturned
The overturning of the plan is a central theme in the Book of Esther, showcasing divine providence and the reversal of fortunes. This reversal is a common motif in biblical narratives, where God intervenes to protect His people, often turning the schemes of the wicked against them. Theologically, it emphasizes God's sovereignty and faithfulness to His covenant people, even when His presence is not overtly mentioned, as is the case in Esther.

and the Jews overpowered those who hated them
The Jews' victory over their enemies is a testament to their unity and courage, as well as the effectiveness of the second decree that allowed them to defend themselves. This triumph is celebrated in the festival of Purim, which commemorates the survival and resilience of the Jewish people. The phrase also echoes the biblical theme of God empowering His people to overcome their adversaries, as seen in other Old Testament accounts such as the Exodus and the battles led by King David. This victory can be seen as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death, where what was intended for harm is turned to good.

In each of the provinces of King Xerxes
The Persian Empire under King Xerxes, also known as Ahasuerus, was vast, stretching from India to Ethiopia, encompassing 127 provinces. This extensive reach highlights the widespread nature of the events in Esther. The empire's administrative structure allowed for rapid communication, as seen in the swift dissemination of the king's edicts. The historical context of Xerxes' reign, marked by his campaigns against Greece, provides a backdrop of a powerful yet often challenged empire.

the Jews assembled in their cities
The gathering of the Jews in their cities signifies a unified response to the threat against them. This assembly was not just a physical gathering but also a spiritual and communal act of solidarity. The Jewish people, often dispersed and vulnerable, found strength in unity. This mirrors other biblical instances where God's people gather for protection and deliverance, such as the Israelites encamped together during their wilderness journey.

to attack those who sought to harm them
This phrase underscores the defensive nature of the Jews' actions. The decree allowed them to protect themselves against their enemies, a reversal of the earlier edict that permitted their annihilation. This self-defense aligns with the biblical principle of justice and protection of the innocent. The historical context of Persian law, which could not be revoked, necessitated this counter-decree.

No man could withstand them
The inability of their enemies to withstand the Jews points to divine intervention and favor. Throughout the Bible, God empowers His people to overcome seemingly insurmountable odds, as seen in the stories of David and Goliath or Gideon's victory over the Midianites. This phrase emphasizes the theme of God's providence and protection over His chosen people.

because the fear of them had fallen upon all peoples
The fear that fell upon the peoples can be seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to make His people a formidable presence among the nations. This fear is reminiscent of the dread that fell upon the inhabitants of Canaan when the Israelites approached, as recorded in Joshua. It also reflects the awe and respect that God's power can instill, serving as a type of Christ, who inspires reverence and awe through His authority and victory over sin and death.

And all the officials of the provinces
This phrase highlights the vastness of the Persian Empire, which was divided into numerous provinces. The officials mentioned here were responsible for maintaining order and implementing the king's decrees across these regions. The cooperation of these officials with the Jews indicates a significant shift in political dynamics, as they were aligning themselves with the Jewish people, likely due to the influence and authority of Mordecai.

the satraps
Satraps were the governors of the provinces in the Persian Empire, a position of considerable power and responsibility. Their support for the Jews underscores the widespread impact of Mordecai's rise to power. This cooperation can be seen as a fulfillment of God's providence, ensuring the protection and survival of His people throughout the empire.

the governors
Governors were local rulers who managed smaller regions within the provinces. Their assistance to the Jews further emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the support that the Jewish people received. This reflects the divine favor and protection over the Jewish community, as even local authorities were compelled to aid them.

and the king’s administrators
The king's administrators were officials who directly served the interests of the Persian king. Their involvement signifies that the king's decree, influenced by Mordecai, was being enforced at all levels of government. This widespread support can be seen as a testament to the effectiveness of Mordecai's leadership and the divine orchestration of events.

helped the Jews
The assistance provided to the Jews by these officials was crucial for their survival and success against their enemies. This help can be seen as a manifestation of God's covenantal promise to protect His people. It also reflects the theme of divine justice, as the Jews were empowered to defend themselves against those who sought their harm.

because the fear of Mordecai had fallen upon them
Mordecai's rise to power and influence instilled fear among the officials, prompting them to support the Jews. This fear was not merely of Mordecai as an individual but of the God who empowered him. Mordecai's position as second in command to the king parallels Joseph's rise in Egypt, serving as a type of Christ who intercedes and advocates for His people. This fear can also be seen as a fulfillment of the promise that God would make His people a source of awe to the nations.

For Mordecai exercised great power in the palace
Mordecai's rise to power is a significant development in the narrative of Esther. Initially introduced as a minor character, Mordecai's influence grows after he uncovers a plot against King Xerxes and is later honored for his loyalty. His position in the palace signifies a shift in the political landscape, where a Jewish man holds significant authority in a foreign empire. This mirrors Joseph's rise to power in Egypt (Genesis 41:41-43) and Daniel's influence in Babylon (Daniel 6:3). Mordecai's authority can be seen as a fulfillment of God's providence, ensuring the protection and survival of the Jewish people during a time of potential annihilation.

and his fame spread throughout the provinces
The Persian Empire was vast, stretching from India to Ethiopia, comprising 127 provinces (Esther 1:1). Mordecai's fame spreading throughout these regions indicates the extent of his influence and the respect he commanded. This widespread recognition is reminiscent of Solomon's fame, which spread to all the surrounding nations (1 Kings 4:31). Mordecai's reputation would have been a source of encouragement and hope for the Jewish diaspora, demonstrating that God can elevate His people even in foreign lands.

as he became more and more powerful
Mordecai's increasing power is a testament to his wisdom and God's favor upon him. His ascent is not merely political but also spiritual, as he uses his position to enact decrees that protect the Jewish people (Esther 8:8-10). This growth in power can be seen as a type of Christ, who, though initially rejected, is exalted and given all authority (Philippians 2:9-11). Mordecai's story is a reminder of the biblical principle that God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (James 4:6), as Mordecai's humility and faithfulness lead to his exaltation.

The Jews put all their enemies to the sword
This phrase highlights the culmination of the Jews' defense against their adversaries. The context is the edict issued by King Ahasuerus, allowing the Jews to defend themselves against those who sought to harm them. This was a reversal of Haman's earlier decree, which had authorized the destruction of the Jewish people. The phrase "put to the sword" indicates a decisive and complete victory, reminiscent of other Old Testament battles where God's people were delivered from their enemies, such as in the battles led by Joshua. This act of self-defense was not just a physical battle but also a spiritual victory, as it demonstrated God's providence and protection over His chosen people.

killing and destroying them
The terms "killing and destroying" emphasize the thoroughness of the Jews' actions against their enemies. This reflects the seriousness of the threat they faced and the necessity of their response. Historically, this event took place in the Persian Empire, where the Jews were a minority group. The language used here is similar to that found in other biblical accounts of warfare, such as in the conquest narratives of Canaan, where complete destruction was often commanded to prevent future threats. This also serves as a reminder of the justice of God, who allows His people to defend themselves against those who seek their harm.

and they did as they pleased to those who hated them
This phrase indicates the freedom and authority granted to the Jews in dealing with their enemies. It suggests that the Jews were not only victorious but also had the autonomy to decide the fate of those who opposed them. This can be seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to protect His people and give them victory over their foes. The phrase "those who hated them" underscores the deep-seated animosity that existed against the Jews, which is a recurring theme throughout biblical history. This animosity is often seen as a manifestation of the spiritual battle between God's people and the forces of evil. The victory of the Jews in this instance can be viewed as a type of the ultimate victory of Christ over sin and death, where He will do as He pleases to those who oppose His kingdom.

In the citadel of Susa
The citadel of Susa was the fortified palace complex in the ancient city of Susa, one of the capitals of the Persian Empire. Susa was a significant city, serving as a political and administrative center. The citadel itself was a symbol of Persian power and authority. Archaeological excavations have uncovered remnants of the grand palaces and administrative buildings, providing insight into the opulence and strategic importance of the location. The mention of Susa highlights the centrality of the events in the narrative of Esther, as it was here that Esther and Mordecai influenced the king's decree.

the Jews killed and destroyed
This phrase indicates the defensive actions taken by the Jews against their enemies. The context of Esther 9 is the reversal of the edict that Haman had issued, which allowed for the annihilation of the Jewish people. The Jews were given the right to defend themselves, and this phrase underscores their successful efforts in doing so. The language of "killed and destroyed" reflects the complete victory over those who sought their harm, emphasizing the deliverance and protection provided by God. This event is a fulfillment of the divine promise to protect His people, as seen throughout the Old Testament.

five hundred men
The specific number of five hundred men indicates the scale of the conflict within the citadel of Susa. This number, while significant, also suggests that the Jews were selective in their defense, targeting those who actively sought their destruction. The restraint shown by the Jews, as they did not take plunder (as noted in the following verses), highlights their focus on justice rather than greed. This restraint can be seen as a reflection of their commitment to righteousness and adherence to the moral and ethical standards set forth in the Law. The victory over these men serves as a testament to God's providence and the faithfulness of His people.

including Parshandatha
Parshandatha is listed as one of the ten sons of Haman, the antagonist in the Book of Esther. The name Parshandatha may have Persian origins, reflecting the influence of the Persian Empire over the Jewish people during this period. The execution of Haman's sons signifies the complete downfall of Haman's lineage, which had sought to annihilate the Jews. This event fulfills the reversal of fortunes theme prevalent in Esther, where the plans of the wicked are turned against them. The destruction of Haman's family can be seen as a divine act of justice, aligning with the biblical principle that those who plot evil against God's people will ultimately face judgment.

Dalphon
Dalphon, another son of Haman, shares in the fate of his brothers. The mention of each son by name emphasizes the thoroughness of the Jews' victory over their enemies. This act of retribution is not just personal but represents the triumph of God's providence over the forces of evil. The narrative underscores the importance of remembering and recording the names of those who oppose God's people, as seen in other biblical accounts where genealogies and lists serve to highlight the significance of individuals in God's redemptive history.

Aspatha
Aspatha, like his brothers, is part of the narrative that illustrates the complete reversal of Haman's plot against the Jews. The inclusion of these names in the text serves to document the historical reality of the events and the specific individuals involved. This attention to detail reflects the biblical emphasis on historical accuracy and the importance of recording God's interventions in history. The downfall of Haman's sons can also be seen as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death, where the enemies of God's people are decisively defeated.

Poratha, Adalia, Aridatha
These names are listed among the ten sons of Haman, who were killed by the Jews in the citadel of Susa. The mention of these names highlights the complete downfall of Haman's lineage, which is significant in the narrative of Esther. Haman, an Agagite, was an enemy of the Jews, and his defeat is seen as a divine reversal of fortune. The names themselves, while not carrying specific meanings in the biblical text, are indicative of Persian influence, reflecting the setting of the story in the Persian Empire. This event fulfills the theme of justice and retribution found throughout the book of Esther, where the plans of the wicked are overturned by God's providence. The destruction of Haman's sons can be seen as a parallel to the fate of the Amalekites, whom King Saul was commanded to destroy completely, as Haman is traditionally considered a descendant of Agag, the Amalekite king. This connection underscores the ongoing biblical theme of God's protection and deliverance of His people from their enemies. Parmashta
Parmashta is one of the ten sons of Haman, the antagonist in the Book of Esther. The mention of his name signifies the complete downfall of Haman's lineage, which is significant in the context of the Jewish victory over their enemies. The name itself, like many in the Persian context, may have cultural or linguistic roots that reflect the era's naming conventions. The destruction of Haman's sons fulfills the retributive justice theme prevalent in the narrative, where the evil intended for the Jews is turned back on their oppressors.

Arisai
Arisai, another son of Haman, represents the continuation of the theme of divine justice. The listing of Haman's sons by name emphasizes the thoroughness of the Jews' victory and the eradication of the threat against them. This reflects the biblical principle that God protects His people and ensures the downfall of those who plot against them, as seen in other scriptures like Psalm 37:12-15, where the wicked's plans are turned against them.

Aridai
Aridai's inclusion in the list of Haman's sons highlights the complete reversal of fortune for Haman's family. The narrative underscores the idea that those who oppose God's people will ultimately face judgment. This is consistent with the broader biblical narrative where God delivers His people from their enemies, as seen in the stories of the Exodus and the conquest of Canaan. The historical context of the Persian Empire, where the story is set, adds depth to the understanding of the power dynamics at play.

Vaizatha
Vaizatha, the last of Haman's sons mentioned, completes the list and signifies the totality of the judgment against Haman's house. The execution of Haman's sons can be seen as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and evil, where the enemies of God's people are decisively defeated. This reflects the eschatological hope found in Revelation, where Christ triumphs over all evil. The cultural context of the Persian Empire, with its emphasis on lineage and legacy, further underscores the significance of the eradication of Haman's line.

They killed these ten sons of Haman son of Hammedatha
The execution of Haman's ten sons signifies the complete downfall of Haman's lineage, which had sought to annihilate the Jewish people. Haman, an Agagite, is often linked to the Amalekites, ancient enemies of Israel (Exodus 17:8-16). The destruction of his sons fulfills the divine justice against those who oppose God's chosen people. This act can be seen as a continuation of the conflict between Israel and Amalek, as commanded in Deuteronomy 25:17-19. The number ten may symbolize completeness, indicating the total eradication of Haman's influence.

the enemy of the Jews
Haman is repeatedly identified as the enemy of the Jews, emphasizing his role as an antagonist in the narrative. This enmity is rooted in historical animosities, as the Amalekites were among the first to attack the Israelites after their exodus from Egypt. The term "enemy" underscores the spiritual and physical threat Haman posed, reflecting the broader theme of anti-Semitism throughout history. This phrase also highlights the providential protection of the Jewish people, a recurring theme in the book of Esther.

but they did not lay a hand on the plunder
The decision not to take the plunder is significant, as it demonstrates the Jews' motives were not driven by greed but by self-defense and justice. This restraint mirrors the command given to King Saul in 1 Samuel 15, where he was instructed to destroy the Amalekites and not take any spoils. Saul's failure to obey led to his downfall, contrasting with the Jews' obedience in Esther, which results in their deliverance. This act of self-control also aligns with the biblical principle of trusting God for provision and justice, rather than relying on material gain.

On that day
This phrase refers to the specific day when the Jews were allowed to defend themselves against their enemies, as decreed by King Ahasuerus. This day was the 13th of Adar, a date that had been set by Haman for the annihilation of the Jews. The reversal of this decree highlights the providence of God in protecting His people.

the number of those killed
The text indicates a significant victory for the Jews, as they were able to defend themselves effectively. The specific number of those killed is not mentioned in this verse, but it underscores the scale of the conflict and the seriousness of the threat against the Jewish people. This victory is a testament to the divine justice and protection afforded to the Jews.

in the citadel of Susa
Susa was one of the major capitals of the Persian Empire, serving as a royal city where King Ahasuerus resided. The citadel was a fortified area within the city, often used for administrative and military purposes. The mention of Susa emphasizes the centrality of the events in the Persian Empire and the high stakes involved, as the conflict reached even the heart of the empire.

was reported to the king
The reporting of the number to the king indicates the importance of the event and the need for the king to be informed of the outcomes of the decree he had authorized. This reflects the administrative practices of the Persian Empire, where the king was kept apprised of significant developments. It also sets the stage for the king's subsequent actions and decisions regarding the Jews and their enemies.

who said to Queen Esther
King Ahasuerus addresses Esther, highlighting her elevated status and influence. Esther's role as queen is pivotal in the narrative, showcasing God's providence in placing her in a position to save her people. Her relationship with the king is central to the unfolding events, reflecting the importance of divine timing and placement.

In the citadel of Susa
Susa, the capital of the Persian Empire, serves as the setting for much of the Book of Esther. Archaeological findings confirm its grandeur and significance. The citadel was a fortified area, indicating the strategic importance of the events taking place there. Susa's prominence underscores the widespread impact of the Jews' deliverance.

the Jews have killed and destroyed five hundred men
This phrase indicates the Jews' successful defense against their enemies. The number signifies a significant victory, reflecting the reversal of fortune from potential annihilation to triumph. It also demonstrates the fulfillment of God's promise to protect His people, as seen throughout the Old Testament.

including Haman’s ten sons
The mention of Haman's sons highlights the complete downfall of Haman's lineage, fulfilling the retributive justice theme. Haman's plot against the Jews backfires, leading to the destruction of his family. This echoes the biblical principle of divine justice, where the wicked face consequences for their actions.

What have they done in the rest of the royal provinces?
The king's inquiry suggests the widespread nature of the conflict and the Jews' actions beyond Susa. It emphasizes the vastness of the Persian Empire and the extensive reach of the decree allowing the Jews to defend themselves. This question also sets the stage for understanding the full scope of the Jews' deliverance.

Now what is your petition?
The king's willingness to grant Esther's request highlights her favor and influence. It reflects the biblical theme of intercession, where Esther acts as a mediator for her people. This mirrors the role of Christ as an intercessor, advocating on behalf of humanity before God.

It will be given to you.
The assurance of the king's support underscores the certainty of Esther's influence and the divine orchestration behind the events. It reflects the biblical promise that God hears and answers the prayers of His people, as seen in various scriptures.

And what further do you request?
The king's openness to additional requests indicates his trust and favor towards Esther. It highlights the theme of abundant provision, where God not only meets needs but exceeds expectations. This mirrors the New Testament teaching of God's generosity and willingness to bless His people.

It will be fulfilled.
The king's promise of fulfillment underscores the certainty and authority of his word. It reflects the biblical assurance that God's promises are sure and will come to pass. This phrase encapsulates the theme of divine faithfulness and the ultimate triumph of God's purposes.

Esther replied
Esther, the Jewish queen of Persia, is speaking to King Ahasuerus. Her role as queen is pivotal, as she uses her influence to protect her people. This reflects the providence of God in placing her in a position of power for such a time as this (Esther 4:14).

If it pleases the king
This phrase shows Esther's respect and submission to the king's authority, a common practice in ancient Near Eastern courts. It also demonstrates her wisdom in approaching the king with humility and tact, which is a recurring theme in her interactions.

may the Jews in Susa also have tomorrow
Susa was the capital of the Persian Empire, and the decree initially allowed the Jews to defend themselves on a single day. Esther's request for an additional day highlights the ongoing threat against the Jews and the need for further protection. This request underscores the severity of the situation and the continued hostility they faced.

to carry out today’s edict
The edict allowed the Jews to defend themselves against their enemies. This reflects the reversal of Haman's earlier decree, which had authorized the destruction of the Jews. The concept of edicts and their irrevocability in Persian law is significant, as seen in Daniel 6:8.

and may the bodies of Haman’s ten sons be hanged on the gallows
Haman's ten sons had already been killed, and Esther's request to hang their bodies was a public display of justice and a deterrent against future aggression. This act of retribution is consistent with the ancient practice of displaying the bodies of executed criminals. It also serves as a fulfillment of divine justice, as Haman's plot against the Jews ultimately led to his own downfall and that of his family.

So the king commanded that this be done.
This phrase highlights the authority of King Ahasuerus (Xerxes I) in the Persian Empire. The king's command reflects the irreversible nature of Persian law, as seen in Esther 1:19 and Daniel 6:8. The king's decision aligns with the divine providence seen throughout the Book of Esther, where God’s unseen hand guides events to protect His people. The king's command also demonstrates the fulfillment of justice against those who sought to destroy the Jews, echoing the biblical principle of reaping what one sows (Galatians 6:7).

An edict was issued in Susa,
Susa, the capital of the Persian Empire, was a significant city in ancient times, known for its grandeur and as a center of political power. The issuance of an edict in Susa underscores the formal and official nature of the decree, ensuring that it was communicated throughout the empire. This reflects the administrative efficiency of the Persian Empire, which had a sophisticated system for disseminating royal decrees, as seen in Esther 3:12-15. The edict's issuance in Susa also emphasizes the reversal of Haman's earlier decree against the Jews, showcasing God's deliverance and the theme of reversal found throughout the book.

and they hanged the ten sons of Haman.
The hanging of Haman's ten sons signifies the complete downfall of Haman's lineage and the eradication of his influence. In ancient Persia, hanging was a common form of execution, often involving impalement or display on a gallows, as a public demonstration of justice. This act fulfills the retributive justice seen in Esther 7:10, where Haman himself was hanged on the gallows he had prepared for Mordecai. The destruction of Haman's sons also parallels the biblical theme of the defeat of the enemies of God's people, reminiscent of the Amalekites' fate, Haman's ancestral lineage (Exodus 17:14-16). This event foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ over sin and death, as seen in Colossians 2:15, where Christ disarms the powers and authorities, triumphing over them by the cross.

On the fourteenth day of the month of Adar
The month of Adar is the twelfth month in the Hebrew calendar, typically falling in February or March. This timing is significant as it marks the celebration of Purim, a festival commemorating the deliverance of the Jewish people from Haman's plot. The fourteenth day is the day after the Jews defended themselves against their enemies, as decreed by King Ahasuerus, following the intervention of Queen Esther.

the Jews in Susa came together again
Susa, the capital of the Persian Empire, was a central location for the events of the Book of Esther. The gathering of the Jews signifies unity and collective action in the face of adversity. This unity is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, where the people of Israel often come together to seek God's deliverance, as seen in the stories of Joshua and the Judges.

and put to death three hundred men there
This action was part of the Jews' defense against those who sought to destroy them, as permitted by the king's edict. The number 300 may symbolize completeness or divine intervention, as seen in other biblical narratives like Gideon's victory over the Midianites with 300 men (Judges 7). The execution of justice here reflects the biblical principle of retributive justice, where the wicked face consequences for their actions.

but they did not lay a hand on the plunder
Refraining from taking plunder demonstrates the Jews' focus on survival and justice rather than material gain. This restraint echoes the command given to Saul in 1 Samuel 15, where he was instructed to destroy the Amalekites and not take plunder, highlighting obedience to God's will over personal enrichment. It also underscores the moral high ground the Jews maintained, distinguishing their actions from those of their enemies.

The rest of the Jews in the royal provinces also assembled to defend themselves
This phrase highlights the widespread nature of the Jewish community within the Persian Empire, which spanned 127 provinces from India to Cush (Esther 1:1). The Jews' assembly for defense was a response to the edict issued by King Ahasuerus, allowing them to protect themselves against their enemies (Esther 8:11). This self-defense was not an act of aggression but a necessary measure for survival, reflecting the biblical principle of self-preservation seen in other scriptures, such as Nehemiah's defense of Jerusalem (Nehemiah 4:13-14).

and rid themselves of their enemies.
The Jews' actions were a fulfillment of the decree that permitted them to destroy those who sought their harm (Esther 8:11). This reflects the ongoing theme of divine justice and protection for God's people, reminiscent of the deliverance narratives in the Old Testament, such as the Exodus from Egypt (Exodus 14:30). The term "enemies" underscores the persistent hostility faced by the Jewish people, a theme that runs throughout biblical history.

They killed 75,000 who hated them,
The large number of those killed indicates the significant threat against the Jewish people. This event is a historical example of the enmity between the descendants of Esau (Amalekites) and Jacob (Israelites), as seen in the conflict with Haman, an Agagite (Esther 3:1). The number 75,000, while literal, also symbolizes the completeness of the victory God granted His people, similar to other instances where God delivered Israel from their foes (Joshua 10:10-11).

but they did not lay a hand on the plunder.
This restraint from taking plunder is significant, as it mirrors the command given to King Saul in 1 Samuel 15:3, where he was instructed to destroy the Amalekites and take no spoils. The Jews' decision to refrain from plundering demonstrates their focus on justice rather than material gain, aligning with the biblical principle of righteousness over greed (Proverbs 11:4). This act of self-control also serves as a type of Christ, who, though having all authority, chose humility and self-sacrifice (Philippians 2:6-8).

This was done on the thirteenth day of the month of Adar
The thirteenth day of Adar is significant in the Jewish calendar as it marks the day when the Jews defended themselves against their enemies, as decreed by King Ahasuerus following Esther's intervention. Adar is the twelfth month in the Hebrew calendar, typically falling in February or March. This timing is crucial as it precedes the celebration of Purim, a festival commemorating the deliverance of the Jewish people from Haman's plot. The events of this day highlight the reversal of fortune for the Jews, a common theme in biblical narratives, where God intervenes to protect His chosen people.

and on the fourteenth day they rested
The rest on the fourteenth day signifies the completion of their victory and the cessation of conflict. In biblical terms, rest often symbolizes peace and divine blessing, reminiscent of God's rest on the seventh day of creation. This rest is not merely physical but also spiritual, as it marks a time of reflection and gratitude for divine deliverance. The concept of rest is echoed throughout Scripture, such as in Hebrews 4:9-10, which speaks of a Sabbath rest for the people of God.

making it a day of feasting and joy
Feasting and joy are central to the celebration of Purim, which is established in the following verses. This day of celebration is a response to God's providence and protection, turning a day of potential destruction into one of triumph and thanksgiving. Feasting in the Bible often accompanies significant religious events, such as the Passover (Exodus 12) and the Wedding at Cana (John 2), symbolizing fellowship and divine blessing. The joy experienced by the Jews is a fulfillment of the promise found in Psalm 30:11, where mourning is turned into dancing. This transformation from sorrow to joy is a type of the ultimate deliverance found in Jesus Christ, who turns the mourning of sin into the joy of salvation.

The Jews in Susa, however, had assembled on the thirteenth and the fourteenth days of the month.
The city of Susa, one of the Persian Empire's capitals, was a significant location for the events of the Book of Esther. The Jews in Susa faced a unique situation compared to those in other parts of the empire. The assembly on the thirteenth and fourteenth days of the month of Adar was a defensive measure against the decree that allowed their enemies to attack them. This assembly highlights the unity and determination of the Jewish people in the face of potential annihilation. The two-day assembly in Susa contrasts with the single day of defense observed by Jews in other regions, emphasizing the intensity of the threat in the capital. This period of defense is a fulfillment of the reversal of fortune orchestrated by God through Esther and Mordecai, as seen earlier in the narrative.

So they rested on the fifteenth day,
The rest on the fifteenth day signifies the completion of their deliverance and the cessation of hostilities. This rest is not merely physical but also a spiritual and emotional relief from the threat of destruction. The concept of rest is a recurring theme in the Bible, often associated with God's deliverance and provision, as seen in the Sabbath rest (Exodus 20:8-11) and the rest promised in the Promised Land (Deuteronomy 12:10). The rest on the fifteenth day also sets the stage for the establishment of the Feast of Purim, a celebration of God's providence and protection.

making it a day of feasting and joy.
The transition from defense to celebration underscores the dramatic reversal of the Jews' fortunes. Feasting and joy are common responses to divine deliverance in the Bible, as seen in the celebrations following the Israelites' escape from Egypt (Exodus 15) and the dedication of the temple (Ezra 6:16-22). The day of feasting and joy in Susa becomes a prototype for the annual observance of Purim, a festival that commemorates the survival of the Jewish people and God's faithfulness. This celebration is a reminder of the joy that comes from God's salvation, a theme echoed in the New Testament with the joy of salvation through Jesus Christ (Luke 2:10-11). The establishment of Purim as a day of feasting and joy also serves as a type of the ultimate deliverance and celebration found in Christ's victory over sin and death.

This is why the rural Jews, who live in the villages,
The rural Jews mentioned here refer to those living outside the fortified cities, in smaller towns and villages. Historically, these communities were more vulnerable to attacks, which is why the decree allowing them to defend themselves was significant. The distinction between rural and urban Jews highlights the diverse living conditions within the Jewish diaspora in Persia. This separation also reflects the broader biblical theme of God's protection over His people, regardless of their location.

observe the fourteenth day of the month of Adar
The month of Adar is the twelfth month in the Hebrew calendar, typically falling in February or March. The fourteenth day of Adar is significant because it marks the day after the Jews successfully defended themselves against their enemies, as recorded in the Book of Esther. This observance is part of the festival of Purim, which commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people from Haman's plot to annihilate them. The timing of this celebration is crucial, as it represents a reversal of fortune and divine intervention.

as a day of joy and feasting.
Joy and feasting are common themes in Jewish celebrations, often signifying victory, deliverance, and divine favor. In the context of Purim, these elements underscore the relief and gratitude of the Jewish people for their survival and the thwarting of their enemies' plans. Feasting is a recurring motif in the Bible, symbolizing fellowship, abundance, and the blessings of God, as seen in other celebrations like Passover and the Feast of Tabernacles.

It is a holiday for sending gifts to one another.
The practice of sending gifts, known as mishloach manot, is an integral part of the Purim celebration. This tradition fosters community, generosity, and unity among the Jewish people. It reflects the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor and sharing blessings, as seen in other scriptures that emphasize charity and kindness. The act of giving gifts during Purim also serves as a reminder of the communal support and solidarity that were crucial for the survival of the Jewish people during the events of Esther.

Mordecai recorded these events
Mordecai's role as a recorder highlights the importance of documenting God's deliverance and the establishment of the Feast of Purim. This act of recording is reminiscent of other biblical figures who documented significant events, such as Moses with the Pentateuch. It underscores the value of preserving history for future generations, ensuring that the acts of God are remembered and celebrated.

and sent letters to all the Jews
The sending of letters indicates the widespread communication network among the Jewish diaspora. This reflects the unity and organization of the Jewish people despite their dispersion. It also emphasizes the importance of community and shared identity among the Jews, as they were called to collectively remember and celebrate their deliverance.

in all the provinces of King Xerxes
King Xerxes, also known as Ahasuerus, ruled over a vast empire stretching from India to Ethiopia, comprising 127 provinces. This phrase highlights the extensive reach of the Persian Empire and the widespread presence of Jewish communities within it. The mention of these provinces underscores the miraculous nature of the Jews' deliverance, as it affected a vast and diverse region.

both near and far
This phrase emphasizes the inclusivity of the message and the celebration of Purim. It signifies that no matter the geographical distance, all Jews were to partake in the remembrance of their salvation. This inclusivity mirrors the universal nature of God's covenant with His people, as seen in other scriptures where God's promises extend to all corners of the earth.

to establish among them
This phrase indicates the formalization of a practice or tradition. In the context of the Book of Esther, it refers to the institution of the Feast of Purim. The establishment of such a celebration underscores the importance of remembering God's deliverance and the preservation of the Jewish people. This act of establishing a tradition is consistent with other biblical mandates to remember significant acts of God, such as the Passover (Exodus 12:14).

an annual celebration
The concept of an annual celebration highlights the importance of regular remembrance and thanksgiving. In Jewish culture, annual feasts and festivals serve as reminders of God's faithfulness and covenant with His people. This particular celebration, Purim, is a time of joy and festivity, commemorating the Jews' deliverance from Haman's plot. It parallels other annual observances like the Feast of Tabernacles and the Day of Atonement, which are also times of reflection and celebration.

on the fourteenth and fifteenth days
The specific mention of the fourteenth and fifteenth days indicates the precise timing of the celebration, which aligns with the Jewish lunar calendar. These days were chosen because they mark the time when the Jews rested from their enemies and celebrated their victory. The two-day celebration allows for the inclusion of Jews from both walled and unwalled cities, as the events unfolded differently in these locations (Esther 9:17-19).

of the month of Adar
Adar is the twelfth month of the Jewish calendar, typically falling in February or March. It is a month associated with joy and deliverance, as Purim is celebrated during this time. The timing of Purim in Adar is significant because it precedes Passover, another festival of deliverance. The month of Adar is also a time when Jews prepare for the spiritual renewal of Passover, making the themes of redemption and divine intervention particularly poignant.

as the days on which the Jews gained rest from their enemies
This phrase refers to the victory of the Jews over their adversaries, as recorded in the Book of Esther. The Jews were granted the right to defend themselves against those who sought their destruction, leading to their triumph. This victory is reminiscent of other biblical instances where God delivered His people from their enemies, such as the Exodus from Egypt (Exodus 14:30). The concept of "rest" is significant in the Bible, often symbolizing peace and divine intervention (Joshua 21:44).

and the month in which their sorrow turned to joy
The transformation from sorrow to joy highlights the dramatic reversal of fortune experienced by the Jews. This change occurred in the month of Adar, which became a time of celebration. The theme of sorrow turning to joy is echoed in other scriptures, such as Psalm 30:11, where mourning is turned into dancing. This reversal is a testament to God's providence and faithfulness to His covenant people.

and their mourning into a holiday
The mourning of the Jews, due to the threat of annihilation, was transformed into a holiday, known as Purim. This celebration commemorates their deliverance and is marked by joy and festivity. The establishment of a holiday from a time of mourning is a recurring biblical theme, seen in the transformation of fasting into feasting (Zechariah 8:19). It underscores the idea that God can turn despair into celebration.

He wrote that these were to be days of feasting and joy
Mordecai, a central figure in the Book of Esther, instituted the observance of Purim as days of feasting and joy. This command reflects the biblical tradition of celebrating God's deliverance with communal feasting, as seen in the Passover (Exodus 12:14). Feasting is often associated with covenant renewal and divine blessing.

of sending gifts to one another and to the poor
The practice of sending gifts to one another and to the poor during Purim emphasizes community and charity. This mirrors the biblical principle of generosity and care for the needy, as instructed in Deuteronomy 15:11. The act of giving gifts fosters unity and reflects the joy of shared deliverance, aligning with the teachings of Jesus on loving one's neighbor (Matthew 22:39).

So the Jews agreed to continue the custom they had started
This phrase highlights the Jewish people's collective decision to establish a tradition based on their recent experiences. The custom refers to the celebration of Purim, which commemorates their deliverance from Haman's plot to annihilate them. This decision reflects a common biblical theme where significant events are memorialized through festivals or rituals, similar to the Passover instituted in Exodus 12. The agreement among the Jews signifies unity and a shared commitment to remember God's deliverance.

as Mordecai had written to them
Mordecai, a central figure in the Book of Esther, is portrayed as a wise and influential leader. His role in writing to the Jews underscores his authority and the respect he commanded among his people. This act of writing can be seen as a formalization of the Purim celebration, ensuring its observance for future generations. The written word in biblical times was a powerful tool for communication and preservation of tradition, as seen in other scriptural instances like the giving of the Law to Moses. Mordecai's involvement also points to the providential role he played in the deliverance of the Jews, a type of Christ who intercedes and secures salvation for His people.

For Haman son of Hammedatha, the Agagite
Haman is identified as the son of Hammedatha and an Agagite, linking him to the Amalekites, traditional enemies of Israel. The Amalekites were descendants of Esau and had a long-standing enmity with the Israelites, dating back to the time of the Exodus (Exodus 17:8-16). The term "Agagite" may refer to a royal title or lineage, as Agag was a king of the Amalekites defeated by King Saul (1 Samuel 15). This connection underscores the historical animosity and sets the stage for Haman's actions against the Jews.

the enemy of all the Jews
Haman's enmity is not just personal but extends to all Jews, reflecting a deep-seated hatred. This phrase highlights the collective threat faced by the Jewish people, reminiscent of other biblical figures who opposed God's chosen people. The narrative of Esther emphasizes the theme of divine protection and deliverance for the Jewish nation, as seen in other biblical accounts such as the Exodus.

had plotted against the Jews to destroy them
Haman's plot to annihilate the Jews is a central theme in the Book of Esther. This mirrors other biblical instances where God's people faced existential threats, such as Pharaoh's decree against Hebrew infants (Exodus 1:22) and later, Herod's massacre of the innocents (Matthew 2:16). The narrative underscores the providence of God in preserving His people against seemingly insurmountable odds.

and had cast the Pur (that is, the lot)
The casting of lots, or "Pur," was a common practice in the ancient Near East to make decisions or determine fate. In this context, it was used by Haman to select the date for the planned destruction of the Jews. The use of lots is significant in biblical history, often seen as a means by which God reveals His will (Proverbs 16:33). The irony in Esther is that what was intended for evil becomes a means of deliverance, as the festival of Purim commemorates the Jews' survival and victory.

to crush and destroy them
The language of "crush and destroy" emphasizes the totality of Haman's intended genocide. This echoes the language of other biblical adversaries who sought to obliterate Israel, such as the Assyrians and Babylonians. The narrative of Esther serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and faithfulness, ensuring the survival and continuity of His covenant people despite the plans of their enemies.

But when it came before the king
This phrase indicates a pivotal moment in the narrative where the plot against the Jews is brought to the attention of King Ahasuerus. The king's role is crucial, as he holds the authority to reverse the decree. This reflects the providential timing and intervention often seen in biblical narratives, where God orchestrates events for the deliverance of His people. The king's decision-making process is a reminder of Proverbs 21:1, which states that the king's heart is in the hand of the Lord.

he commanded by letter
The use of a letter signifies the formal and authoritative nature of the king's decree. In the Persian Empire, written edicts were binding and irrevocable, as seen in Esther 1:19. This underscores the seriousness of the king's command and the official reversal of Haman's plot. The written word here parallels the enduring nature of God's Word, which stands firm and unchangeable.

that the wicked scheme which Haman had devised against the Jews
Haman's plot was not just a personal vendetta but a genocidal plan against God's chosen people. This reflects the recurring theme of anti-Semitism throughout history, where the Jewish people have faced numerous attempts at annihilation. The spiritual battle against God's people is evident here, as seen in Ephesians 6:12, where the struggle is not against flesh and blood but against spiritual forces of evil.

should come back upon his own head
This phrase highlights the biblical principle of reaping what one sows, as found in Galatians 6:7. Haman's fate is a direct consequence of his own evil intentions, demonstrating God's justice and the reversal of fortunes often seen in Scripture. This is reminiscent of the story of Joseph, where what was meant for evil was turned for good (Genesis 50:20).

and that he and his sons should be hanged on the gallows
The execution of Haman and his sons serves as a complete eradication of the threat against the Jews. The gallows, or more accurately, the stake or pole, was a common method of execution in the Persian Empire. This act of justice is a foreshadowing of the ultimate judgment against evil. It also serves as a type of Christ, who was hanged on a tree (Galatians 3:13) to bear the curse for humanity, providing deliverance and salvation.

Therefore these days are called Purim, from the word Pur.
The term "Purim" is derived from the word "Pur," which means "lot" in Persian. This refers to the lots cast by Haman to determine the date for the annihilation of the Jews (Esther 3:7). The casting of lots was a common practice in ancient cultures to make decisions or determine fate, and it highlights the theme of divine providence in the Book of Esther. Despite Haman's intentions, God orchestrated events to protect His people, turning a day of potential destruction into a time of celebration. The festival of Purim commemorates this deliverance and is celebrated annually by Jews worldwide. It is a reminder of God's sovereignty and faithfulness, even when His presence is not overtly mentioned, as is the case in the Book of Esther.

Because of all the instructions in this letter,
The "letter" refers to the decree sent by Mordecai and Queen Esther to the Jewish people throughout the Persian Empire, instructing them to observe the days of Purim (Esther 9:20-22). This letter was crucial in establishing Purim as an official and perpetual celebration. The instructions included feasting, rejoicing, and giving gifts to one another and to the poor, emphasizing community and charity. This reflects the biblical principle of remembering and celebrating God's deliverance, as seen in other Jewish festivals like Passover (Exodus 12:14). The written decree ensured that the memory of God's intervention would be preserved for future generations.

and because of all they had seen and experienced,
The Jewish people had witnessed firsthand the miraculous reversal of their fortunes. They experienced the threat of annihilation and the subsequent deliverance orchestrated through Esther and Mordecai's courage and faith. This phrase underscores the importance of personal and communal memory in the life of faith. The experiences of the Jews in Persia serve as a testament to God's protection and justice. This mirrors other biblical narratives where God's people are called to remember His mighty acts, such as the crossing of the Red Sea (Exodus 14) and the conquest of Canaan (Joshua 4:1-7). The celebration of Purim serves as a tangible reminder of God's faithfulness and the importance of trusting in His providence, even in dire circumstances.

the Jews bound themselves to establish the custom
This phrase highlights the communal decision of the Jewish people to formalize the observance of Purim. The binding nature of this decision reflects the seriousness with which they approached the commemoration of their deliverance. In biblical context, binding agreements were often made before God, indicating a solemn vow (see Nehemiah 10:29). This act of binding themselves can be seen as a covenantal action, reminiscent of other covenants in the Old Testament, such as those made by the Israelites at Sinai (Exodus 24:3-8).

that they and their descendants
The inclusion of descendants emphasizes the perpetuity of the observance. It underscores the importance of passing down faith and traditions through generations, a common theme in Jewish culture (Deuteronomy 6:6-7). This ensures that the memory of God's deliverance is not forgotten and that future generations understand their identity and history.

and all who join them
This phrase opens the observance to proselytes and those who align themselves with the Jewish people. It reflects the inclusive nature of the Jewish community, allowing others to partake in their religious and cultural practices. This inclusivity can be seen in other parts of Scripture, such as the acceptance of Ruth, a Moabite, into the Jewish community (Ruth 1:16-17).

should not fail to celebrate these two days
The emphasis on not failing to celebrate indicates the importance of consistency and faithfulness in religious observance. The two days refer to the 14th and 15th of Adar, as established earlier in the chapter. This regular celebration serves as a reminder of God's providence and protection, similar to other feasts like Passover (Exodus 12:14).

at the appointed time each and every year
The phrase underscores the importance of timing in religious observance. The appointed time is crucial, as it aligns with the historical events being commemorated. This mirrors other biblical feasts that are celebrated at specific times, such as the Feast of Tabernacles (Leviticus 23:34). The annual repetition ensures that the story of Esther and the deliverance of the Jews remains a living tradition.

according to their regulation
This indicates that there were specific guidelines or rules established for the observance of Purim. These regulations would have included the reading of the Megillah (Book of Esther), feasting, and giving gifts to the poor. The establishment of regulations ensures uniformity and order in worship, akin to the detailed instructions given for other Jewish feasts (Leviticus 23).

These days should be remembered and celebrated
The command to remember and celebrate highlights the importance of commemoration in Jewish tradition. This echoes the biblical principle of remembering God's deliverance, as seen in the Passover (Exodus 12:14). Celebrations serve as a means to pass down faith and history, ensuring that God's acts are not forgotten.

by every generation, family, province, and city
This phrase emphasizes the universal nature of the observance within the Jewish community. It underscores the unity and continuity of the Jewish people, regardless of geographical location. The inclusion of "every generation" ensures that the story of Esther and the deliverance of the Jews is perpetuated through time, similar to the instructions given for the Passover (Exodus 12:24-27).

so that these days of Purim should not fail to be observed among the Jews
Purim, established in the Book of Esther, is a festival of joy and thanksgiving for the deliverance from Haman's plot. The observance of Purim is a testament to God's providence and protection, even when His name is not explicitly mentioned in the text. This reflects the theme of divine sovereignty and hidden intervention.

nor should the memory of them fade from their descendants
The emphasis on memory ensures that future generations understand their heritage and the faithfulness of God. This is akin to the stones set up by Joshua as a memorial for crossing the Jordan River (Joshua 4:6-7). The preservation of memory is crucial for maintaining identity and faith continuity.

So Queen Esther daughter of Abihail
Esther's identification as the daughter of Abihail highlights her Jewish heritage and noble lineage, emphasizing her role in God's providential plan. Her position as queen is significant, as it places her in a unique position to influence the Persian Empire. Esther's rise from an orphaned Jewish girl to queen is a testament to God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His purposes, reminiscent of Joseph's rise to power in Egypt (Genesis 41:41-43).

along with Mordecai the Jew
Mordecai's designation as "the Jew" underscores his identity and the centrality of Jewish identity in the narrative. Mordecai's role as Esther's cousin and guardian, as well as his position of influence in the Persian court, is crucial. His actions and faithfulness are instrumental in the deliverance of the Jewish people, paralleling the role of other biblical figures like Daniel, who also served in foreign courts (Daniel 6:1-3).

wrote with full authority
The phrase indicates the official and binding nature of the decree. Esther and Mordecai's authority to write and confirm the letter reflects the favor they found with King Xerxes and the divine orchestration of events. This authority is reminiscent of the authority given to Joseph in Egypt (Genesis 41:40) and foreshadows the authority of Christ, who speaks with divine authority (Matthew 28:18).

to confirm this second letter concerning Purim
The confirmation of the second letter establishes the observance of Purim as a perpetual Jewish festival. Purim commemorates the deliverance of the Jews from Haman's plot, symbolizing God's protection and faithfulness. The festival is a time of joy and remembrance, similar to the Passover, which celebrates deliverance from Egypt (Exodus 12:14). The establishment of Purim also points to the importance of remembering God's acts of salvation, a theme echoed throughout Scripture (Psalm 77:11).

And Mordecai sent letters
Mordecai, a central figure in the Book of Esther, holds a position of authority as second to King Xerxes. His role in sending letters signifies his influence and responsibility in communicating important decrees. This act of sending letters is reminiscent of other biblical figures who communicated God's will or important messages through written correspondence, such as the Apostle Paul in the New Testament.

with words of peace and truth
The phrase "words of peace and truth" reflects the biblical themes of reconciliation and integrity. Peace, or "shalom" in Hebrew, encompasses not just the absence of conflict but a sense of wholeness and well-being. Truth is a foundational biblical principle, often associated with God's character and His Word. This combination suggests that Mordecai's message was intended to reassure and unify the Jewish people, aligning with the biblical call to live in peace and truth (Psalm 85:10).

to all the Jews
The audience of Mordecai's letters is specifically the Jewish people, who were dispersed throughout the Persian Empire. This reflects the historical context of the Jewish diaspora following the Babylonian exile. The unity and preservation of the Jewish people are central themes in Esther, highlighting God's providence and faithfulness to His covenant people.

in the 127 provinces
The mention of 127 provinces underscores the vastness of the Persian Empire under King Xerxes, which stretched from India to Ethiopia. This geographical detail emphasizes the widespread influence and reach of Mordecai's message. It also highlights the historical reality of the Persian Empire's extensive administrative system, which allowed for efficient communication across great distances.

of the kingdom of Xerxes
Xerxes, also known as Ahasuerus, was the Persian king during the events of Esther. His reign is historically documented, and his kingdom represents a significant period in Jewish history. The Book of Esther provides insight into the life of Jews under Persian rule and God's sovereignty in using even pagan rulers to accomplish His purposes. The narrative of Esther foreshadows the ultimate deliverance and protection found in Jesus Christ, who is the true King and Deliverer of His people.

in order to confirm these days of Purim at their appointed time
The establishment of Purim as a festival is a significant event in Jewish history, marking the deliverance of the Jewish people from a plot to annihilate them. The "appointed time" refers to the specific days set aside annually to commemorate this event, which are the 14th and 15th of Adar. This reflects the Jewish tradition of remembering and celebrating God's deliverance and protection, similar to other feasts like Passover. The confirmation of these days underscores the importance of communal memory and the continuity of cultural and religious identity.

just as Mordecai the Jew and Queen Esther had established them
Mordecai and Esther, key figures in the Book of Esther, played crucial roles in the salvation of the Jewish people. Mordecai, a relative and guardian of Esther, is portrayed as a wise and faithful leader. Esther, as queen, used her position to influence the king and save her people. Their establishment of Purim highlights their leadership and the divine providence that worked through them. This also illustrates the theme of God using individuals in positions of influence to fulfill His purposes, a recurring motif in biblical narratives.

and had committed themselves and their descendants
The commitment to observe Purim was not only for the current generation but also for future generations. This reflects the biblical principle of passing down faith and traditions to descendants, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:6-7, where parents are instructed to teach God's commandments to their children. The continuity of Purim observance emphasizes the importance of historical consciousness and the transmission of faith and identity through generations.

to the times of fasting and lamentation
Fasting and lamentation were integral to the Jewish response to the threat they faced, as seen earlier in the Book of Esther when the Jews fasted in response to Haman's decree. These practices are expressions of humility, repentance, and dependence on God. Fasting is a recurring biblical theme, often associated with seeking God's intervention, as seen in the stories of Daniel and Nehemiah. The inclusion of fasting and lamentation in the observance of Purim serves as a reminder of the gravity of the situation from which they were delivered and the importance of seeking God in times of crisis.

So Esther’s decree
Esther, a Jewish queen of Persia, played a pivotal role in the survival of her people. Her decree, issued with the authority of the king, highlights her influence and the divine providence at work. This decree is a testament to her courage and wisdom, as she navigated the complexities of Persian law and politics. Esther's actions can be seen as a type of Christ, as she interceded for her people, risking her own life for their salvation.

confirmed these regulations about Purim
The regulations refer to the observance of Purim, a festival commemorating the deliverance of the Jewish people from Haman's plot to annihilate them. The confirmation of these regulations ensured that the celebration of Purim would be an enduring tradition. This festival is marked by joy, feasting, and the giving of gifts, reflecting the themes of reversal and divine intervention. The establishment of Purim is a reminder of God's faithfulness and protection over His people, similar to the Passover in its commemoration of deliverance.

which were written into the record
The recording of these events signifies their importance and permanence. In ancient times, written records were crucial for preserving history and legal decrees. This documentation ensured that future generations would remember the miraculous deliverance and the establishment of Purim. The act of writing also aligns with the biblical emphasis on the importance of remembering God's works, as seen in other scriptural accounts where significant events are recorded for posterity, such as the giving of the Law at Sinai.