The allotment for the descendants of Joseph
The descendants of Joseph refer to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, Joseph's sons, who received a double portion of inheritance in the Promised Land. This reflects Jacob's blessing in Genesis 48:5, where he adopts Ephraim and Manasseh as his own sons, granting them equal status with his other sons. This double portion signifies Joseph's favored status and the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding his descendants.

extended from the Jordan at Jericho
The Jordan River is a significant geographical landmark in Israel's history, marking the eastern boundary of the Promised Land. Jericho, known as the "City of Palms," was the first city conquered by the Israelites under Joshua's leadership (Joshua 6). This location is symbolic of God's deliverance and the beginning of Israel's possession of the land.

to the waters of Jericho on the east
The waters of Jericho likely refer to the springs or water sources that sustained the city and its surrounding areas. Water is a vital resource in the arid climate of the region, and its mention underscores the fertility and strategic importance of the land allotted to Joseph's descendants.

through the wilderness that goes up from Jericho
The wilderness mentioned here is a transitional zone between the Jordan Valley and the central hill country. This area was less hospitable and served as a natural barrier. The journey through the wilderness signifies a movement from the lowlands to the more fertile and strategically advantageous hill country.

into the hill country of Bethel
Bethel, meaning "House of God," is a significant site in biblical history. It was here that Jacob had his vision of the ladder reaching to heaven (Genesis 28:10-19). The hill country of Bethel is part of the central highlands of Canaan, known for its rugged terrain and strategic military importance. This area would later become a center of worship and a key location in the narratives of the patriarchs and the united monarchy under David and Solomon.

It went on from Bethel (that is, Luz)
Bethel, originally called Luz, is a significant location in biblical history. It is where Jacob had his dream of a ladder reaching to heaven (Genesis 28:10-19). Bethel means "House of God," reflecting its spiritual importance. The renaming signifies a transformation from a Canaanite city to a place of divine encounter. Bethel later became a center of worship, though it also fell into idolatry (1 Kings 12:28-29). The dual name highlights the transition from its pagan past to its role in Israel's spiritual heritage.

and proceeded to the border of the Archites
The Archites were a clan or family group within the tribe of Ephraim. Hushai the Archite, a friend and advisor to King David, is a notable figure from this group (2 Samuel 15:32-37). The mention of the Archites indicates the territorial boundaries of the tribe of Ephraim, emphasizing the division and allocation of the Promised Land among the tribes of Israel. This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the land (Genesis 15:18-21).

in Ataroth
Ataroth is a location mentioned several times in the context of territorial boundaries (Joshua 16:5, 18:13). It was a town on the border of Ephraim and Manasseh, indicating its strategic importance. The name Ataroth means "crowns," possibly suggesting a place of significance or authority. The delineation of borders in this passage underscores the orderly distribution of the land, which was crucial for maintaining tribal identities and inheritance rights. This allocation was part of God's covenantal promise to Israel, ensuring each tribe had its inheritance in the land.

Then it descended westward
This phrase indicates a geographical movement from a higher elevation to a lower one, moving in a westerly direction. The descent suggests the topography of the region, which is characterized by hills and valleys. This movement is part of the delineation of the land allotted to the tribes of Israel, specifically the tribe of Ephraim. The westward direction is significant as it moves towards the Mediterranean Sea, which was a crucial area for trade and interaction with other cultures.

to the border of the Japhletites
The Japhletites are mentioned here as a group or family whose territory marked a boundary. This reference is one of the few mentions of the Japhletites in the Bible, indicating a smaller or less prominent group within the land of Canaan. Understanding the borders and neighboring peoples is essential for comprehending the tribal divisions and the challenges Israel faced in settling the land.

as far as the border of Lower Beth-horon
Lower Beth-horon was a significant location in ancient Israel, known for its strategic military importance due to its position on a key route between the coastal plain and the interior highlands. The mention of "Lower" Beth-horon distinguishes it from "Upper" Beth-horon, both of which were fortified cities. These cities played a role in various biblical battles, including those involving Joshua and later King Saul.

and on to Gezer
Gezer was an ancient Canaanite city that later became part of Israel's territory. Archaeological excavations have uncovered significant remains, including fortifications and water systems. Gezer was strategically located on the Via Maris, an important trade route. The city's mention here highlights its importance in the territorial boundaries and its role in Israel's history, including its eventual capture by Pharaoh and gift to Solomon (1 Kings 9:16).

and it ended at the Sea
The "Sea" refers to the Mediterranean Sea, which served as the western boundary of the land allotted to the tribe of Ephraim. The sea was not only a natural boundary but also a source of trade and cultural exchange. The inclusion of the sea in the boundary description emphasizes the extent of the territory and the fulfillment of God's promise to give Israel a land stretching to the sea. This boundary also foreshadows the future expansion and influence of Israel under kings like David and Solomon.

So Ephraim and Manasseh,
Ephraim and Manasseh were the two sons of Joseph, born to him in Egypt. Their mother was Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera, priest of On. Jacob, their grandfather, adopted them as his own sons, giving them equal status with his other sons (Genesis 48:5). This adoption effectively elevated them to the status of tribal patriarchs, each receiving a portion of the inheritance in the Promised Land. Ephraim and Manasseh are often mentioned together, reflecting their close relationship and shared heritage. The tribe of Ephraim would later become one of the most prominent tribes in Israel, often representing the northern kingdom.

the sons of Joseph,
Joseph, one of the twelve sons of Jacob, played a crucial role in the history of Israel. Sold into slavery by his brothers, he rose to become the second most powerful man in Egypt. His wisdom and leadership during a time of famine saved not only Egypt but also his own family, who came to live in Egypt. Joseph's faithfulness and integrity are celebrated throughout the biblical narrative. The blessing of his sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, by Jacob, was a significant moment, as it ensured Joseph's legacy would continue through them. Joseph's life is often seen as a type of Christ, with parallels in suffering, exaltation, and salvation.

received their inheritance.
The inheritance of Ephraim and Manasseh was a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob regarding the land of Canaan. The division of the land among the tribes of Israel was a significant event, marking the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to settlement in the Promised Land. The allocation of land to Ephraim and Manasseh is detailed in Joshua 16 and 17. Ephraim's territory was centrally located, while Manasseh's was divided, with portions on both sides of the Jordan River. This inheritance was not just a physical possession but also a spiritual legacy, as it represented God's faithfulness to His covenant promises. The land was to be a place where the Israelites could live in obedience to God and serve as a light to the nations.

This was the territory of the descendants of Ephraim by their clans:
The tribe of Ephraim, one of the two sons of Joseph, was granted a significant portion of land in the central region of Canaan. This allocation fulfilled Jacob's blessing in Genesis 48:19, where Ephraim was prophesied to become a multitude of nations. The division by clans indicates the importance of family lineage and inheritance in Israelite society, reflecting the patriarchal structure and the fulfillment of God's promises to the patriarchs.

The border of their inheritance went from Ataroth-addar in the east to Upper Beth-horon:
Ataroth-addar and Upper Beth-horon are significant geographical markers. Ataroth-addar, meaning "crowns of Addar," is located near the border of Benjamin, indicating the close proximity and shared boundaries between the tribes of Ephraim and Benjamin. Upper Beth-horon, meaning "house of hollows," is strategically located on a ridge, serving as a key passageway between the coastal plain and the hill country. This area was crucial for trade and military movements, as seen in Joshua 10:10-11, where God intervened in a battle by sending hailstones. The mention of these locations underscores the strategic and fertile nature of Ephraim's inheritance, aligning with the tribe's future prominence in Israel's history, including the establishment of the Northern Kingdom's capital in Samaria.

and out toward the Sea.
This phrase refers to the western boundary of the land allotted to the tribe of Ephraim. The "Sea" here is the Mediterranean Sea, which was a significant geographical marker for the Israelites. The sea was not only a boundary but also a source of trade and cultural exchange. In biblical symbolism, the sea often represents chaos and the unknown, contrasting with the land promised by God, which signifies order and divine provision.

From Michmethath on the north
Michmethath is a location mentioned as a boundary marker for the territory of Ephraim. Its exact location is uncertain today, but it is believed to be near Shechem, a significant city in Israel's history. Shechem was a place of covenant renewal and worship, as seen in Joshua 24. The northern boundary signifies the extent of Ephraim's inheritance, highlighting God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises to the tribes of Israel.

it turned eastward toward Taanath-shiloh
The turning eastward indicates a change in direction for the boundary line. Taanath-shiloh is identified with the modern site of Khirbet Ta'na, located east of Shechem. Shiloh was an important religious center where the Tabernacle was located before the temple was built in Jerusalem. This connection emphasizes the spiritual heritage of the land and the centrality of worship in Israel's identity.

and passed by it to Janoah on the east.
Janoah is another boundary marker, possibly identified with the modern site of Yanun. The mention of these specific locations underscores the detailed nature of the land allotments, reflecting the importance of land in Israel's covenant relationship with God. The eastward movement of the boundary may symbolize the expansion of God's promises and the unfolding of His plan for His people. The precision in these descriptions highlights the historical reality of the biblical narrative and God's meticulous care in providing for His people.

From Janoah
Janoah is a location in the territory of Ephraim, one of the tribes of Israel. It is mentioned in the context of the boundaries of the land allotted to the tribe. The exact location of Janoah is uncertain, but it is believed to be in the hill country of Ephraim. This area was significant for its strategic position and fertile land, which was important for the agricultural lifestyle of the Israelites.

it went down to Ataroth and Naarah
Ataroth and Naarah are towns that marked the boundary of the tribe of Ephraim. Ataroth is often associated with Ataroth-addar, mentioned in other biblical passages as a border town between Ephraim and Benjamin. Naarah is less frequently mentioned, but its inclusion here indicates its importance in defining tribal territories. The movement "down" suggests a descent in elevation, typical of the topography in this region.

and then reached Jericho
Jericho is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world and holds significant biblical importance. It was the first city conquered by the Israelites under Joshua's leadership after crossing the Jordan River. The mention of Jericho here highlights its role as a landmark in the tribal boundaries. Jericho's location near the Jordan River made it a key point for trade and military strategy.

and came out at the Jordan
The Jordan River is a major geographical feature in the biblical narrative, symbolizing transition and new beginnings. It was the river the Israelites crossed to enter the Promised Land, marking the end of their wilderness wanderings. The phrase "came out at the Jordan" indicates the boundary's extension to this significant river, emphasizing the completion of the territorial allotment for Ephraim. The Jordan also holds typological significance, often seen as a symbol of spiritual crossing or transformation in Christian theology.

From Tappuah
Tappuah was a city located in the territory of Ephraim, though some references suggest it was on the border with Manasseh. The name "Tappuah" means "apple" in Hebrew, indicating a region possibly known for its fruitfulness. This city is mentioned in other biblical contexts, such as in Joshua 17:8, where it is associated with the land of Manasseh. The dual mention highlights the shared boundaries and the cooperative relationship between the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, both descendants of Joseph.

the border went westward
The direction westward indicates the movement of the boundary line from an inland location towards the Mediterranean Sea. This westward expansion signifies the allocation of fertile and strategically important land to the tribe of Ephraim. The westward movement also reflects the biblical theme of expansion and inheritance, as seen in God's promises to the patriarchs about the land of Canaan.

to the Brook of Kanah
The Brook of Kanah served as a natural boundary marker. It is identified with the modern Wadi Qana, a seasonal stream that flows through the central hill country of Israel. The brook's name, meaning "reed" or "stalk," suggests a lush, vegetative area. This geographical feature provided a clear demarcation line for the tribal territories, emphasizing the importance of natural landmarks in ancient boundary descriptions.

and ended at the Sea
The "Sea" refers to the Mediterranean Sea, which formed the western boundary of the land allotted to Ephraim. This access to the sea was significant for trade and military purposes, offering Ephraim economic opportunities and strategic advantages. The sea's mention underscores the fulfillment of God's promise to give Israel a land stretching from the desert to the sea, as seen in Exodus 23:31.

This was the inheritance of the clans of the tribe of Ephraim
The term "inheritance" reflects the biblical concept of land as a divine gift, passed down through generations. Ephraim, one of the two sons of Joseph, received a prominent portion of the Promised Land, fulfilling Jacob's blessing in Genesis 48:19, where Ephraim was prophesied to become a "multitude of nations." The division among "clans" indicates the organized distribution of land within the tribe, ensuring each family received its rightful share. This allocation highlights the importance of family and tribal identity in ancient Israelite society.

along with all the cities and villages
This phrase indicates the inclusion of specific urban and rural areas within the territory. In ancient Israel, cities were often fortified centers of administration and trade, while villages were smaller, agricultural communities. The mention of both cities and villages highlights the comprehensive nature of the inheritance, ensuring that both strategic and everyday living areas were accounted for. This reflects the importance of community and infrastructure in the tribal allocations.

set apart for the descendants of Ephraim
The descendants of Ephraim were one of the tribes of Israel, named after Joseph's second son, Ephraim. Ephraim was blessed by Jacob (Israel) in Genesis 48:19, where Jacob prophesied that Ephraim would become a multitude of nations. The setting apart of cities and villages for Ephraim signifies the fulfillment of this blessing and the tribe's prominent role in the history of Israel. Ephraim often symbolized the northern kingdom of Israel, and its territory was central to the nation's identity.

within the inheritance of Manasseh
Manasseh, the elder brother of Ephraim, was also a son of Joseph. The inheritance of Manasseh was divided into two parts: one on the east side of the Jordan River and one on the west. The phrase indicates that Ephraim's cities and villages were located within the western portion of Manasseh's inheritance. This reflects the close relationship between the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, both descended from Joseph, and highlights the interconnectedness of the tribal territories. The allocation of land within another tribe's inheritance underscores the complexity of land distribution and the fulfillment of God's promises to the patriarchs.

But they did not drive out the Canaanites who lived in Gezer.
The failure to drive out the Canaanites in Gezer reflects a recurring theme in the conquest narratives, where the Israelites did not fully obey God's command to remove the inhabitants of the land (see Deuteronomy 7:1-2). Gezer was a significant city located in the Shephelah region, strategically positioned on the route between Jerusalem and the coastal plain. Archaeological evidence confirms its importance, with findings of fortifications and inscriptions. The Canaanites' continued presence indicates a compromise that would later lead to spiritual and cultural challenges for Israel, as seen in Judges 2:1-3.

So the Canaanites dwell among the Ephraimites to this day,
The phrase "to this day" suggests that the text was written at a time when the Canaanites were still present, highlighting the long-term consequences of incomplete obedience. The tribe of Ephraim, one of the leading tribes of Israel, was unable to fully claim their inheritance due to this failure. This coexistence often led to the Israelites adopting Canaanite practices, which were contrary to the covenantal laws given to them (Judges 3:5-6). The presence of the Canaanites among the Ephraimites serves as a warning about the dangers of assimilation and the loss of distinctiveness as God's people.

but they are forced laborers.
The Canaanites being reduced to forced laborers reflects a partial fulfillment of God's command, as they were subdued but not expelled. This arrangement might have seemed beneficial economically, providing labor for the Israelites, but it was a deviation from God's directive to completely remove the influence of the Canaanites. This compromise foreshadows future issues, as seen in Solomon's reign, where forced labor became a significant part of Israel's economy (1 Kings 9:20-21). Theologically, this situation illustrates the tension between God's ideal and human pragmatism, and it serves as a type pointing to the ultimate rest and victory found in Jesus Christ, who fully conquers sin and death.