Now this was the allotment for the tribe of Manasseh
The tribe of Manasseh was one of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from Joseph's son Manasseh. The allotment refers to the division of the Promised Land among the tribes of Israel, as directed by God through Moses and Joshua. Manasseh's inheritance was unique as it was divided on both sides of the Jordan River, reflecting the tribe's significant size and influence.

as Joseph’s firstborn son
Manasseh was the firstborn son of Joseph, one of the patriarchs of Israel. Joseph's sons, Manasseh and Ephraim, were adopted by Jacob as his own, granting them equal status with Jacob's other sons. This adoption effectively gave Joseph a double portion of inheritance, a privilege typically reserved for the firstborn, which was fulfilled through his sons.

namely for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh
Machir was the firstborn son of Manasseh and played a significant role in the tribe's history. His descendants, known as the Machirites, were prominent in the tribe of Manasseh. The emphasis on Machir highlights the importance of lineage and inheritance in Israelite society, where the firstborn often held a position of leadership and received a larger share of the inheritance.

and father of the Gileadites
The Gileadites were descendants of Machir, and they settled in the region of Gilead, east of the Jordan River. This area was known for its balm, a valuable commodity in ancient times. The mention of the Gileadites underscores the tribal and familial connections that were central to Israelite identity and territorial claims.

who had received Gilead and Bashan
Gilead and Bashan were regions east of the Jordan River, known for their fertile land and strategic importance. The allocation of these lands to Machir's descendants reflects their military prowess and the fulfillment of God's promises to the tribes of Israel. These regions were also significant in biblical history, featuring in various battles and prophecies.

because Machir was a man of war
Machir's designation as a "man of war" indicates his and his descendants' military capabilities, which were crucial in conquering and securing the land. This warrior status was essential for the defense and expansion of Israel's territory. The emphasis on military strength highlights the challenges faced by the Israelites in establishing themselves in the Promised Land and the role of divine providence in their victories.

So this allotment was for the rest of the descendants of Manasseh—
The tribe of Manasseh was one of the two half-tribes descended from Joseph, the son of Jacob. Manasseh, along with Ephraim, received a significant inheritance in the Promised Land. This phrase indicates that the passage is detailing the specific land allotment for the remaining families within the tribe of Manasseh. Historically, the tribe of Manasseh was divided, with some settling east of the Jordan River and others west. This division reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the land his descendants would inherit.

the clans of Abiezer, Helek, Asriel, Shechem, Hepher, and Shemida.
These names represent the heads of families or clans within the tribe of Manasseh. Each clan received a portion of land, which was a common practice in ancient Israel to ensure that each family had a stake in the Promised Land. Abiezer is notable as the family from which Gideon, a judge of Israel, descended (Judges 6:11). Shechem is also a significant city in biblical history, serving as a central location for various events, including the covenant renewal under Joshua (Joshua 24:1). The mention of these clans highlights the importance of family lineage and inheritance in Israelite society.

These are the other male descendants of the clans of Manasseh son of Joseph.
This phrase emphasizes the patriarchal nature of inheritance in ancient Israel, where land was typically passed down through male descendants. Joseph, one of the twelve sons of Jacob, was given a double portion of inheritance through his two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim, as a reward for his faithfulness and leadership in Egypt. This allocation underscores the fulfillment of Jacob's blessing over Joseph's sons in Genesis 48:5-6, where they are adopted as Jacob's own sons, thus receiving their own inheritance among the tribes of Israel. The reference to Joseph also serves as a reminder of God's providence and the continuity of His promises through generations.

But Zelophehad son of Hepher (the son of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh)
Zelophehad is a descendant of Manasseh, one of Joseph's sons, which places him within the tribe of Manasseh, one of the twelve tribes of Israel. This lineage is significant as it ties Zelophehad to the inheritance promises given to the tribes of Israel. The mention of Gilead and Machir highlights the geographical region east of the Jordan River, known for its fertile land. This genealogy underscores the importance of family lineage in Israelite society, where inheritance and tribal identity were crucial.

had no sons but only daughters.
In ancient Israelite culture, inheritance typically passed through male descendants. The absence of sons in Zelophehad's family presented a unique legal and cultural challenge. This situation is addressed in Numbers 27:1-11, where Zelophehad's daughters appeal to Moses for the right to inherit their father's land. Their case sets a precedent in Israelite law, allowing daughters to inherit if there are no sons, thus ensuring the preservation of family property within the tribe.

These are the names of his daughters: Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah.
The naming of Zelophehad's daughters is significant, as it highlights their role in challenging and changing inheritance laws. Each name carries meaning and reflects the cultural and familial identity of the time. Their story is a testament to faith and courage, as they approached Moses and the leaders of Israel to claim their inheritance rights. This act of faith is later affirmed by God, as recorded in Numbers 27, and serves as an example of God's justice and provision for all members of His people, regardless of gender. Their names are also mentioned in Numbers 36 and 1 Chronicles 7:15, emphasizing their importance in biblical history.

They approached Eleazar the priest, Joshua son of Nun, and the leaders
This phrase highlights the proper protocol and respect for authority in ancient Israel. Eleazar, the son of Aaron, served as the high priest, representing the spiritual leadership. Joshua, as the successor of Moses, was the military and administrative leader. The leaders likely refer to tribal heads or elders. This approach underscores the importance of seeking guidance from both spiritual and civil authorities, reflecting the theocratic nature of Israelite society. It also demonstrates the unity and cooperation between religious and political leadership in executing God's commands.

and said, “The LORD commanded Moses to give us an inheritance among our brothers.”
This statement refers to the daughters of Zelophehad, who approached Moses in Numbers 27:1-11. Their request was based on a direct command from God, emphasizing the importance of adhering to divine instructions. This command ensured that the inheritance laws were just and inclusive, allowing for the preservation of family lineage and property rights even when no male heirs were present. It highlights God's concern for justice and equity within the community, ensuring that all members, regardless of gender, have a rightful place and inheritance.

So Joshua gave them an inheritance among their father’s brothers
Joshua's compliance with the command reflects his obedience and faithfulness to God's instructions. It also demonstrates the fulfillment of God's promises and the continuity of His covenant with Israel. By granting the daughters of Zelophehad their inheritance, Joshua upheld the principle of justice and the importance of family heritage. This act also serves as a type of Christ, who ensures that all believers, regardless of status, receive their spiritual inheritance in the Kingdom of God.

in keeping with the command of the LORD.
This phrase underscores the centrality of God's word in guiding the actions of Israel's leaders. It reflects the belief that divine commands are paramount and must be followed precisely. The adherence to God's command in this context serves as a reminder of the importance of obedience to God's will, which is a recurring theme throughout the Bible. It also points to the reliability and faithfulness of God in fulfilling His promises, as seen in the broader narrative of Israel's conquest and settlement in the Promised Land.

Thus ten shares fell to Manasseh
The tribe of Manasseh, one of the two sons of Joseph, received a significant portion of land in the Promised Land. The division of land into ten shares indicates a detailed and organized allocation, reflecting the importance of inheritance and tribal identity in Israelite society. This allocation fulfills the promise made to Joseph's descendants, as seen in Genesis 48:5-6, where Jacob adopts Ephraim and Manasseh as his own sons, granting them equal inheritance with his other sons.

in addition to the land of Gilead and Bashan
Gilead and Bashan were regions east of the Jordan River, known for their fertile land and strategic importance. These areas were initially conquered by Moses and given to the half-tribe of Manasseh, as recorded in Numbers 32:39-42. The mention of these lands highlights the extensive territory allotted to Manasseh, emphasizing God's provision and the fulfillment of His promises. Gilead and Bashan are often associated with prosperity and strength, as seen in Psalm 22:12 and Amos 4:1.

beyond the Jordan
The phrase "beyond the Jordan" refers to the Transjordan region, which was settled by the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. This area was significant for its early settlement before the main conquest of Canaan, as described in Numbers 32. The allocation of land on both sides of the Jordan River underscores the unity and diversity within the nation of Israel, as well as the fulfillment of God's covenant promises to Abraham regarding the land (Genesis 15:18-21). The division also foreshadows the eventual reunification of all tribes under a single monarchy, as seen in the reigns of David and Solomon.

because the daughters of Manasseh received an inheritance among his sons.
This phrase highlights a significant moment in biblical history where the daughters of Zelophehad, who were of the tribe of Manasseh, received an inheritance. This was unusual in ancient Israelite culture, where inheritance typically passed through male descendants. The daughters of Zelophehad—Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah—approached Moses and Eleazar the priest, requesting a share of the inheritance since their father had no sons (Numbers 27:1-11). God instructed Moses to grant their request, setting a precedent for inheritance rights for women in Israel. This event underscores the importance of justice and equity in God's law and reflects God's care for all His people, regardless of gender. It also foreshadows the New Testament principle of equality in Christ (Galatians 3:28).

And the land of Gilead belonged to the rest of the sons of Manasseh.
Gilead was a region east of the Jordan River, known for its balm and rugged terrain. It was part of the territory allocated to the half-tribe of Manasseh, which settled on the east side of the Jordan, along with the tribes of Reuben and Gad (Numbers 32:1-5, 33-42). The allocation of Gilead to the rest of the sons of Manasseh indicates the division of land among the tribe, with some settling east of the Jordan and others west. This division reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the land (Genesis 15:18-21) and demonstrates the complexity of tribal inheritances in Israel. The land of Gilead later became significant in biblical history, serving as a backdrop for events involving figures like Jephthah (Judges 11) and Elijah (1 Kings 17:1).

Now the border of Manasseh went from Asher
The tribe of Manasseh was one of the two half-tribes descended from Joseph, the other being Ephraim. The reference to "Asher" here is not the tribe of Asher but a location within the territory of Manasseh. This indicates the starting point of the boundary line. The land allocation for Manasseh was part of the division of Canaan among the tribes of Israel, as commanded by God to Joshua. This division fulfilled the promises made to the patriarchs about the land inheritance.

to Michmethath near Shechem
Michmethath is a location whose exact site is uncertain today, but it is described as being near Shechem, a significant city in biblical history. Shechem was a central city in the hill country of Ephraim and held historical and religious importance. It was the first place where Abraham built an altar to the Lord in Canaan. Shechem later became a city of refuge and a Levitical city, highlighting its continued importance in Israelite society.

then southward to include the inhabitants of En-tappuah
En-tappuah, or the "spring of Tappuah," was a location within the territory of Manasseh. The mention of inhabitants suggests a settled area, possibly a village or town. The direction "southward" indicates the boundary line's movement, emphasizing the specific allocation of land to the tribe of Manasseh. This allocation was part of the broader fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites a land flowing with milk and honey, a theme that runs throughout the Old Testament.

The region of Tappuah belonged to Manasseh
This phrase indicates the allocation of land to the tribe of Manasseh, one of the sons of Joseph. The division of land among the tribes of Israel was a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the inheritance of the land of Canaan. Tappuah, meaning "apple" in Hebrew, was a region that held agricultural significance, which aligns with the blessings pronounced over Joseph's descendants in Genesis 49:22. The allocation of land to Manasseh reflects the tribe's significant size and importance, as Manasseh was one of the larger tribes, receiving a substantial inheritance on both sides of the Jordan River.

but Tappuah itself, on the border of Manasseh, belonged to Ephraim
This phrase highlights the unique arrangement where the city of Tappuah, though surrounded by Manasseh's territory, was given to the tribe of Ephraim. This reflects the close relationship between the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, both sons of Joseph, who received a double portion of inheritance through their father. The border arrangement signifies the interconnectedness and cooperation expected between the tribes, despite their distinct inheritances. This division also underscores the fulfillment of Jacob's blessing in Genesis 48:19, where Ephraim, though the younger, was to become greater than Manasseh. The city of Tappuah's location on the border suggests a strategic position, possibly serving as a point of trade or defense, and highlights the complex nature of tribal boundaries in ancient Israel.

From there the border continued southward to the Brook of Kanah.
The Brook of Kanah served as a significant geographical marker in the division of the land among the tribes of Israel. This brook, likely a seasonal stream, marked the boundary between the territories of Ephraim and Manasseh, two of the tribes descended from Joseph. The delineation of borders was crucial for maintaining tribal identities and inheritance rights, as seen in Numbers 34:2, where God commands the Israelites to divide the land. The southward direction indicates the movement from the northern territories, emphasizing the organized distribution of the Promised Land.

There were cities belonging to Ephraim among the cities of Manasseh,
This phrase highlights the intermingling of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, both sons of Joseph. Despite the distinct tribal allocations, the presence of Ephraimite cities within Manasseh's territory suggests a close relationship and cooperation between these tribes. This arrangement reflects the broader unity among the Israelites, as seen in their shared history and covenant with God. The cities' distribution also underscores the fulfillment of Jacob's blessing in Genesis 48:20, where Ephraim and Manasseh are both promised prosperity and growth.

but the border of Manasseh was on the north side of the brook
The specific mention of Manasseh's border being on the north side of the Brook of Kanah reinforces the importance of clear territorial boundaries. This demarcation ensured that each tribe could maintain its inheritance, as commanded in Joshua 13:7. The north side positioning also indicates Manasseh's significant landholdings, which extended beyond the Jordan River, reflecting the tribe's strength and prominence among the Israelites.

and ended at the Sea.
The "Sea" referred to here is likely the Mediterranean Sea, which served as the western boundary for several tribes, including Manasseh. This natural boundary provided a clear and definitive end to the territory, aligning with God's promise of land from the wilderness to the sea in Exodus 23:31. The sea's mention also symbolizes the vastness of God's provision and the fulfillment of His promises to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

Ephraim’s territory was to the south
Ephraim, one of the tribes of Israel, was descended from Joseph's younger son, whom Jacob blessed with a greater blessing than his older brother Manasseh (Genesis 48:13-20). The tribe of Ephraim was known for its strength and leadership among the northern tribes, often taking a prominent role in Israel's history. The southern boundary of Ephraim's territory was significant as it bordered the tribe of Benjamin, which included the city of Jerusalem, a central location in Israel's religious and political life.

and Manasseh’s was to the north
Manasseh, the firstborn son of Joseph, was also blessed by Jacob, though with a lesser blessing than Ephraim. The tribe of Manasseh was unique in that it was divided into two parts: one portion settled on the east side of the Jordan River, and the other on the west. The western portion of Manasseh's territory was north of Ephraim, indicating a close relationship between the two tribes, both geographically and historically. This division of land reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the inheritance of the land (Genesis 15:18-21).

having the Sea as its border
The "Sea" referred to here is the Mediterranean Sea, which formed the western boundary of the land allotted to the tribes of Israel. This boundary was significant for trade and interaction with other cultures, as the Mediterranean was a major route for commerce and communication in the ancient world. The coastal region was also a point of contention with the Philistines and other sea peoples, who frequently clashed with Israel.

and adjoining Asher on the north
The tribe of Asher was located to the north of Manasseh's territory. Asher's land was known for its fertility and abundance, particularly in olive oil production (Deuteronomy 33:24). The proximity of Manasseh to Asher highlights the interconnectedness of the tribes and their shared responsibilities in defending and cultivating the land. This northern boundary also underscores the strategic importance of the tribes in maintaining Israel's security against northern invaders.

and Issachar on the east
Issachar's territory lay to the east of Manasseh, in the fertile Jezreel Valley, which was a crucial agricultural area. The tribe of Issachar was known for its wisdom and understanding of the times (1 Chronicles 12:32), playing a vital role in the socio-political landscape of Israel. The eastern boundary with Issachar emphasizes the cooperative nature of the tribes in managing the land and resources God had provided. This arrangement reflects the broader theme of unity and diversity within the nation of Israel, as each tribe had its unique role and contribution to the whole.

Within Issachar and Asher, Manasseh was assigned
The tribe of Manasseh, one of the sons of Joseph, received a portion of land on both sides of the Jordan River. This allocation within the territories of Issachar and Asher highlights the complex nature of tribal boundaries in ancient Israel. The division of land was a fulfillment of God's promise to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The presence of Manasseh in these regions indicates the tribe's significant influence and the fulfillment of Jacob's blessing in Genesis 48:19, where Ephraim and Manasseh are promised to become great peoples.

Beth-shean
Beth-shean was a strategically important city located at the junction of the Jordan Valley and the Jezreel Valley. It was known for its fertile land and served as a key military and trade center. Archaeological excavations have revealed a wealth of artifacts from various periods, indicating its long history of occupation. In 1 Samuel 31:10, it is mentioned as the place where the Philistines displayed the bodies of Saul and his sons after their defeat at Mount Gilboa.

Ibleam
Ibleam was a town located near the Jezreel Valley. It is mentioned in 2 Kings 9:27, where King Ahaziah of Judah fled to Megiddo after being wounded at Ibleam. The town's location made it a significant site for controlling the trade routes and military movements in the region.

Dor (that is, Naphath)
Dor was a coastal city known for its maritime activities and trade. The term "Naphath" refers to the surrounding region or district. Dor's location on the Mediterranean coast made it a valuable asset for trade and cultural exchange. It is mentioned in Judges 1:27 as a city that the Israelites struggled to fully conquer, indicating the presence of Canaanite influence.

Endor
Endor is famously known as the location where King Saul consulted a medium before his final battle against the Philistines, as recorded in 1 Samuel 28:7. This act of seeking guidance from a medium was against God's commandments, highlighting Saul's desperation and spiritual decline. The town's mention here underscores its historical and spiritual significance.

Taanach
Taanach was a city located in the Jezreel Valley, known for its strategic military importance. It is mentioned in Judges 5:19 as one of the sites of the battle between the Canaanite kings and the Israelites led by Deborah and Barak. The city's location made it a key point for controlling the valley and its surrounding areas.

and Megiddo
Megiddo is one of the most significant archaeological sites in Israel, known for its historical and prophetic importance. It was a major city-state in ancient times, controlling the trade routes between Egypt and Mesopotamia. Megiddo is also associated with the prophetic "Armageddon" in Revelation 16:16, symbolizing the final battle between good and evil. Its strategic location and historical battles make it a symbol of conflict and divine intervention.

each with their surrounding settlements
The mention of surrounding settlements indicates the extent of Manasseh's territory and the importance of these cities as administrative and economic centers. These settlements provided support and resources for the main cities, contributing to the overall stability and prosperity of the region. The allocation of these areas to Manasseh reflects the tribe's role in the broader narrative of Israel's settlement in the Promised Land.

But the descendants of Manasseh were unable to occupy these cities
The tribe of Manasseh, one of the half-tribes of Joseph, was allotted land on both sides of the Jordan River. This phrase highlights their struggle to fully possess their inheritance. Historically, the inability to occupy these cities reflects the challenges faced by the Israelites in driving out the existing Canaanite inhabitants. This struggle is a recurring theme in the conquest narratives, illustrating the incomplete obedience to God's command to fully possess the land (Numbers 33:55-56). The cities in question were likely fortified, making them difficult to conquer without divine intervention or complete unity and effort from the Israelites.

because the Canaanites were determined to stay in this land
The Canaanites' determination to remain in the land underscores their resilience and the strength of their fortified cities. Culturally, the Canaanites were deeply rooted in the land, with established cities and religious practices that were contrary to the worship of Yahweh. This determination can be seen as a test of faith and obedience for the Israelites, who were commanded to remove the Canaanite influence to prevent idolatry (Deuteronomy 7:1-5). The persistence of the Canaanites also foreshadows future conflicts and the spiritual and moral challenges Israel would face, as seen in the Book of Judges. This situation typifies the ongoing spiritual battle between God's people and the influences of the world, pointing to the need for reliance on God's strength and guidance.

However, when the Israelites grew stronger
This phrase indicates a period of increased strength and stability for the Israelites. Historically, this strength could be attributed to their growing population, military successes, and consolidation of the land they had already conquered. Theologically, it reflects God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promise to give the Israelites the land of Canaan. This period of strength is a fulfillment of earlier promises made to the patriarchs, such as in Genesis 12:7, where God promises the land to Abraham's descendants.

they put the Canaanites to forced labor
The Israelites' decision to subject the Canaanites to forced labor rather than driving them out entirely reflects a compromise with God's command. In Deuteronomy 20:16-18, God instructed the Israelites to completely destroy the inhabitants of the land to avoid being led astray by their practices. The use of forced labor was a common practice in the ancient Near East, often used to subjugate conquered peoples. This decision may have been motivated by economic benefits, as the Canaanites could contribute labor to agricultural and construction projects.

but they failed to drive them out completely
This failure to fully obey God's command had significant spiritual and practical consequences for the Israelites. The presence of the Canaanites among them led to future idolatry and moral compromise, as seen in the Book of Judges. This incomplete obedience is a recurring theme in Israel's history, highlighting the tension between God's commands and human actions. It serves as a warning about the dangers of partial obedience and the long-term consequences of failing to fully follow God's instructions. This situation foreshadows the struggles Israel would face with idolatry and assimilation into pagan cultures, which are addressed by prophets like Isaiah and Jeremiah.

Then the sons of Joseph said to Joshua,
The "sons of Joseph" refers to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, Joseph's two sons, who were adopted by Jacob as his own (Genesis 48:5). This adoption gave Joseph a double portion among the tribes of Israel. Joshua, a member of the tribe of Ephraim, was the leader of Israel at this time, having succeeded Moses. The tribes approach Joshua with a request, indicating their respect for his authority and leadership.

“Why have you given us only one portion as an inheritance?
The complaint arises from the allocation of land in Canaan. The tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh were given a significant territory, but they felt it was insufficient for their needs. This reflects the broader context of land distribution among the tribes, which was a complex process involving divine guidance (Numbers 26:52-56). The "one portion" suggests a perceived inadequacy in the land's capacity to support their population.

We have many people,
The tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh were indeed populous, fulfilling the blessing Jacob gave to Joseph's sons that they would grow into a multitude (Genesis 48:16). This phrase highlights the fulfillment of God's promise to multiply the descendants of Israel, a recurring theme in the Old Testament.

because the LORD has blessed us abundantly.”
The acknowledgment of the LORD's blessing underscores the belief that their prosperity and growth were due to divine favor. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience and faithfulness were often rewarded with material and population growth (Deuteronomy 28:1-14). The abundance they experienced was seen as a direct result of God's promises to their forefathers, particularly the blessings pronounced over Joseph (Genesis 49:22-26).

Joshua answered them
Joshua, the leader of Israel after Moses, is addressing the descendants of Joseph, specifically the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. His role as a leader is to guide and allocate the land among the tribes, ensuring fairness and adherence to God's commands.

If you have so many people
The tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh were numerous, fulfilling the blessing given to Joseph by Jacob in Genesis 48:19, where Ephraim was prophesied to become a multitude of nations. Their large population necessitated more land for settlement.

that the hill country of Ephraim is too small for you
The hill country of Ephraim was a central region in the land of Canaan, known for its rugged terrain. It was a significant area for the tribe of Ephraim, but its limited space and challenging geography made it difficult to accommodate a large population.

go to the forest and clear for yourself an area
Joshua instructs them to take initiative by clearing the forested areas. This reflects the need for hard work and self-reliance, as well as the responsibility to make the most of the land God has provided. It also echoes the command in Genesis 1:28 to subdue the earth.

in the land of the Perizzites and the Rephaim
The Perizzites were one of the Canaanite tribes inhabiting the land before Israel's conquest. The Rephaim were a group of ancient people known for their size and strength, often associated with giants. This reference highlights the challenges the Israelites faced in claiming their inheritance, requiring faith and courage.

The hill country is not enough for us,
This phrase reflects the complaint of the descendants of Joseph, specifically the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. They were allotted a portion of the Promised Land, but they felt it was insufficient for their growing population. This sentiment highlights the challenges of land distribution among the tribes of Israel and the need for faith and reliance on God's provision. The hill country, while fertile, was rugged and required significant effort to cultivate, which may have contributed to their dissatisfaction.

they replied,
The response is directed to Joshua, the leader of Israel, who was responsible for dividing the land among the tribes. This interaction underscores the ongoing dialogue and negotiation between the tribes and their leader, reflecting the communal and covenantal nature of Israelite society.

and all the Canaanites who live in the valley have iron chariots,
The mention of Canaanites with iron chariots indicates the formidable military technology possessed by the inhabitants of the land. Iron chariots were a significant advantage in ancient warfare, suggesting that the Israelites faced a daunting challenge in conquering these areas. This detail emphasizes the need for reliance on God's power rather than human strength, as seen in other biblical narratives where God delivers victory despite overwhelming odds (e.g., Gideon's victory in Judges 7).

both in Beth-shean with its towns
Beth-shean was a significant Canaanite city located in the Jordan Valley. Its strategic position made it a key location for controlling trade routes and military movements. Archaeological excavations have revealed its importance and the presence of Canaanite and later Egyptian influences. The reference to "its towns" suggests a network of settlements under Beth-shean's control, indicating the complexity and strength of Canaanite urban centers.

and in the Valley of Jezreel.
The Valley of Jezreel, also known as the Plain of Esdraelon, was a fertile and strategically important region in northern Israel. It served as a major crossroads for trade and military campaigns. The valley's significance is seen throughout biblical history, including battles such as those involving Deborah and Barak (Judges 4-5) and later conflicts involving the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. The presence of Canaanites with iron chariots in this area highlights the strategic challenge faced by the Israelites in securing their inheritance.

So Joshua said to the house of Joseph—to Ephraim and Manasseh—
Joshua addresses the descendants of Joseph, specifically the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. Joseph was one of the twelve sons of Jacob, and his two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, were adopted by Jacob as his own, effectively giving Joseph a double portion among the tribes of Israel (Genesis 48:5). This double portion is significant as it reflects the blessing and favor Joseph received from his father. The tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh were among the most prominent in Israel, with Ephraim often taking a leading role in the northern kingdom. This address by Joshua highlights the importance and influence of these tribes within the nation.

“You have many people and great strength.
Joshua acknowledges the numerical strength and military capability of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. This recognition is important in the context of the conquest and settlement of Canaan, where population size and military strength were crucial for occupying and defending the land. The mention of "great strength" also alludes to the blessing Jacob gave to Joseph, where he described Joseph as a fruitful bough by a well, whose branches run over the wall (Genesis 49:22-24). This imagery suggests prosperity and strength, which is now being realized in the tribes' ability to expand and settle the land.

You shall not have just one allotment,
Joshua promises that the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh will not be confined to a single portion of land. This statement is a response to their request for more territory due to their large population (Joshua 17:14-16). The allocation of land was a critical issue for the tribes of Israel, as it determined their economic and social stability. The promise of additional land reflects the fulfillment of God's covenant promises to the patriarchs, ensuring that their descendants would inherit the land of Canaan. It also underscores the principle of divine provision and justice, as the tribes are assured that their needs will be met according to God's plan.

because the hill country will be yours as well.
This phrase indicates a promise of possession. The hill country refers to the mountainous regions of Ephraim and Manasseh, which were part of the inheritance given to the tribes of Joseph. Historically, these areas were known for their strategic military advantage and fertile land. The assurance of ownership reflects God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises to the Israelites, as seen in Genesis 48:21-22, where Jacob blesses Joseph with a portion of land.

It is a forest; clear it, and its farthest limits will be yours.
The mention of a forest suggests that the land was undeveloped and required effort to make it habitable and productive. Clearing the forest symbolizes the need for diligence and hard work in claiming God's promises. This task also reflects the broader biblical theme of stewardship and the responsibility to cultivate and manage God's creation, as seen in Genesis 2:15. The phrase "its farthest limits will be yours" emphasizes the extent of the inheritance, encouraging the Israelites to fully occupy and utilize the land.

Although the Canaanites have iron chariots and although they are strong,
Iron chariots were a significant military advantage in ancient warfare, representing the strength and technological superiority of the Canaanites. This detail highlights the formidable challenge faced by the Israelites. The Canaanites' strength is acknowledged, yet it serves as a reminder of the Israelites' reliance on God's power rather than their own. This echoes the sentiment found in Deuteronomy 20:1, where God reassures His people not to fear their enemies' might.

you can drive them out.”
This statement is a call to action and a declaration of victory. It underscores the theme of divine empowerment, where God enables His people to overcome seemingly insurmountable obstacles. The assurance of driving out the Canaanites aligns with God's covenant promise to give the land to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, as seen in Exodus 23:30-31. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory over sin and death through Jesus Christ, who empowers believers to overcome spiritual battles, as reflected in Romans 8:37.