After Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea
Bethlehem, a small town located about six miles south of Jerusalem, holds significant historical and prophetic importance. It is the birthplace of King David, as noted in 1 Samuel 16:1, and is prophesied as the birthplace of the Messiah in Micah 5:2. The name "Bethlehem" means "house of bread," which is fitting for Jesus, who later refers to Himself as the "bread of life" (John 6:35). The phrase "in Judea" distinguishes this Bethlehem from another Bethlehem located in the region of Zebulun (Joshua 19:15).

during the time of King Herod
King Herod, known as Herod the Great, was a Roman-appointed king of Judea. His reign is marked by significant architectural achievements, including the expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, but also by his tyrannical rule and paranoia, which led to the infamous massacre of the innocents (Matthew 2:16-18). Herod's rule provides a historical anchor for the timing of Jesus' birth, as he died in 4 B.C. This period was characterized by political tension and unrest, as the Jewish people were under Roman occupation and eagerly anticipating a Messiah to deliver them.

Magi from the east arrived in Jerusalem
The Magi, often referred to as "wise men," were likely scholars or astrologers from regions such as Persia or Babylon. Their journey from the east suggests a long and arduous travel, indicating the significance of the celestial event they followed, often associated with the prophecy in Numbers 24:17 about a star coming out of Jacob. The Magi's arrival in Jerusalem, the political and religious center of Judea, underscores the widespread expectation of a Jewish Messiah. Their presence fulfills the prophecy of nations coming to the light of Israel (Isaiah 60:3) and foreshadows the inclusion of Gentiles in the salvation brought by Christ.

asking, “Where is the One who has been born King of the Jews?
This phrase introduces the Magi, often referred to as wise men, who are seeking the newborn King. The title "King of the Jews" is significant as it acknowledges Jesus' royal lineage through David, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies such as those found in 2 Samuel 7:12-16 and Isaiah 9:6-7. The Magi's question implies that they were aware of Jewish messianic expectations, possibly through Jewish communities in the East or through ancient prophecies like those of Balaam in Numbers 24:17, which speaks of a star rising out of Jacob.

We saw His star in the east
The mention of "His star" suggests a celestial event that signified the birth of Jesus. This star is often linked to the prophecy in Numbers 24:17. The phrase "in the east" indicates the Magi's origin, likely from regions such as Persia or Babylon, where astrology was a respected science. The star's appearance could have been a supernatural event or a natural astronomical phenomenon, such as a conjunction of planets or a comet, which the Magi interpreted as a sign of the Jewish Messiah's birth.

and have come to worship Him.”
The Magi's intent to worship signifies recognition of Jesus' divine nature and kingship. Worship in this context goes beyond mere homage to a king; it implies reverence and adoration reserved for deity. This act of worship by Gentiles foreshadows the inclusion of all nations in the salvation plan, as seen in prophecies like Isaiah 60:3, which speaks of nations coming to the light of Israel. The Magi's journey and worship highlight the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 12:3).

When King Herod heard this
King Herod, known as Herod the Great, was a Roman-appointed ruler of Judea. His reign was marked by significant building projects, including the expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. Herod was known for his paranoia and ruthless measures to secure his throne, including the execution of family members. The news that disturbed him was the birth of Jesus, whom the Magi referred to as the "King of the Jews." This title threatened Herod's rule, as he was not of Jewish descent but an Idumean, and his authority was granted by Rome. The prophecy of a new king from the line of David would have been particularly unsettling for Herod, who was aware of Jewish expectations for a Messiah.

he was disturbed
Herod's disturbance reflects his fear of losing power. Historically, Herod's reaction is consistent with his character; he was known for his violent responses to perceived threats. The Greek word used here can also mean "agitated" or "troubled," indicating a deep emotional turmoil. This reaction foreshadows Herod's later actions, including the massacre of the innocents in Bethlehem, as he sought to eliminate any potential rival to his throne.

and all Jerusalem with him
The phrase suggests that Herod's fear and agitation spread to the city of Jerusalem. This could be due to several factors: the political instability that often accompanied Herod's violent actions, the potential for Roman intervention, or the religious implications of the Magi's announcement. Jerusalem, as the center of Jewish religious life, would have been acutely aware of messianic prophecies. The city's disturbance may also reflect the tension between the Jewish populace and their Roman-appointed ruler. The arrival of the Magi and their quest for the newborn king would have been a significant event, stirring both hope and fear among the people.

And when he had assembled all the chief priests and scribes of the people
This phrase indicates King Herod's action of gathering the religious leaders of the Jewish people. The chief priests included the high priest and other temple officials, who were primarily Sadducees, a sect known for their aristocratic status and collaboration with Roman authorities. The scribes, often associated with the Pharisees, were experts in the Jewish Law and held significant influence over religious and legal matters. This assembly reflects Herod's concern over the Magi's inquiry about the "king of the Jews" and his desire to understand the prophecies concerning the Messiah. The gathering of these leaders underscores the importance of the event and the threat Herod perceived to his rule.

he asked them where the Christ was to be born
Herod's question reveals his awareness of Jewish Messianic expectations. "The Christ" refers to the anointed one, the Messiah, whom the Jews anticipated as a deliverer and king. The inquiry about the birthplace of the Messiah points to the prophecy in Micah 5:2, which specifies Bethlehem as the location. This prophecy is significant as it connects Jesus' birth to the lineage of David, fulfilling the expectation that the Messiah would come from David's line. Herod's question also highlights the tension between political power and divine prophecy, as he seeks to use this information for his own ends, contrasting with the Magi's genuine search for worship.

In Bethlehem in Judea,
Bethlehem, a small town located about six miles south of Jerusalem, holds significant historical and theological importance. It is known as the City of David, as King David was born and anointed there (1 Samuel 16:1). The mention of Bethlehem in Judea distinguishes it from another Bethlehem located in the region of Zebulun (Joshua 19:15). This town is prophesied as the birthplace of the Messiah, fulfilling the prophecy in Micah 5:2, which highlights its seemingly insignificant status yet its pivotal role in God's redemptive plan. Bethlehem's connection to David underscores the messianic expectation of a ruler from David's lineage.

they replied,
The response comes from the chief priests and scribes, religious leaders who were well-versed in the Hebrew Scriptures. Their knowledge of the prophecies concerning the Messiah's birthplace demonstrates the widespread expectation of a coming deliverer. This interaction occurs during Herod the Great's reign, a time of political tension and messianic hope among the Jewish people. The leaders' ability to quickly reference the prophecy indicates the importance of scriptural literacy and the anticipation of the Messiah's arrival.

for this is what the prophet has written:
The prophet referred to here is Micah, whose writings are part of the Twelve Minor Prophets in the Old Testament. Micah 5:2 specifically predicts the birthplace of the Messiah, emphasizing God's sovereignty in fulfilling His promises. This prophecy, written approximately 700 years before Christ's birth, highlights the divine orchestration of events leading to Jesus' incarnation. The citation of prophecy underscores the belief in the authority and reliability of Scripture, as well as the continuity of God's plan from the Old Testament to the New Testament. The fulfillment of this prophecy in Jesus' birth affirms His identity as the promised Messiah and King.

But you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah
Bethlehem, a small town located about six miles south of Jerusalem, holds significant historical and theological importance. It is the birthplace of King David, Israel's greatest king, as noted in 1 Samuel 16:1. The mention of "in the land of Judah" distinguishes it from another Bethlehem located in the territory of Zebulun (Joshua 19:15). This phrase emphasizes Bethlehem's connection to the tribe of Judah, from which the Messiah was prophesied to come, fulfilling the prophecy in Micah 5:2.

are by no means least among the rulers of Judah
Despite its small size and seeming insignificance, Bethlehem is elevated in status due to its association with the birth of Jesus Christ. This phrase highlights the biblical theme that God often chooses the humble and lowly to accomplish His purposes, as seen in 1 Corinthians 1:27-29. The "rulers of Judah" refers to the leaders and influential figures within the tribe, underscoring Bethlehem's unexpected prominence.

for out of you will come a ruler
This prophecy points to the coming of a significant leader from Bethlehem, fulfilled in the birth of Jesus Christ. The term "ruler" connects to the messianic expectations of a king who would lead and deliver Israel, echoing the promise made to David in 2 Samuel 7:12-16. Jesus, as the descendant of David, fulfills this role as the ultimate ruler and king.

who will be the shepherd of My people Israel
The imagery of a shepherd is rich in biblical symbolism, representing leadership, care, and guidance. In the Old Testament, God is often depicted as the shepherd of Israel (Psalm 23:1), and leaders are called to shepherd His people (Ezekiel 34:2-10). Jesus identifies Himself as the "Good Shepherd" in John 10:11, fulfilling this role by providing spiritual leadership and salvation to His people, Israel, and extending it to all believers.

Then Herod called the Magi secretly
Herod the Great, known for his political acumen and architectural achievements, was also infamous for his paranoia and ruthlessness. His secretive meeting with the Magi reflects his cunning nature and desire to control the situation. The Magi, likely astrologers or wise men from the East, were seen as important figures, and Herod's decision to meet them privately suggests his intent to manipulate the information they possessed. This secrecy indicates Herod's fear of losing power, as he was aware of the Jewish prophecies regarding a new king. The Magi's journey, possibly from Persia or Babylon, highlights the widespread anticipation of a messianic figure.

and learned from them the exact time the star had appeared.
The star's appearance is a significant event, often linked to the prophecy in Numbers 24:17, which speaks of a star coming out of Jacob. Herod's inquiry about the timing suggests his intent to calculate the age of the child he perceived as a threat. This aligns with his later decree to kill all male children in Bethlehem two years old and under, as recorded in Matthew 2:16. The star's role in guiding the Magi underscores the divine orchestration of events surrounding Jesus' birth. The exact timing of the star's appearance is crucial for Herod's plan, but it also serves as a testament to God's sovereignty in fulfilling prophecy and guiding those who seek truth.

And sending them to Bethlehem
Bethlehem, a small town in Judea, holds significant biblical importance as the prophesied birthplace of the Messiah (Micah 5:2). It is also the city of David, Israel's second king, establishing a connection to Jesus' royal lineage. Herod's directive to the Magi to go to Bethlehem aligns with the prophecy, though his intentions are deceitful.

he said: “Go and search carefully for the Child
Herod's command to search carefully indicates his desire to locate Jesus under the guise of reverence. The term "Child" emphasizes Jesus' humanity and vulnerability at this stage. The Magi's role as seekers of truth contrasts with Herod's ulterior motives, highlighting the theme of genuine versus false worship.

and when you find Him, report to me
Herod's request for a report is a strategic ploy. Historically, Herod was known for his paranoia and ruthlessness, often eliminating threats to his throne. This request foreshadows his later actions in the narrative, where he orders the massacre of male infants in Bethlehem (Matthew 2:16).

so that I too may go and worship Him.”
Herod's claim of wanting to worship Jesus is insincere, serving as a reminder of the duplicity often found in those who oppose God's plans. This phrase contrasts with the genuine worship of the Magi, who later present gifts to Jesus (Matthew 2:11). The theme of true worship versus false intentions is prevalent throughout scripture, as seen in Isaiah 29:13, where God condemns those who honor Him with their lips but not their hearts.

After they had heard the king
The magi, often referred to as wise men, had an audience with King Herod. This meeting highlights the political tension of the time, as Herod was known for his paranoia and ruthlessness in maintaining power. The magi's visit to Herod fulfills the prophecy of foreign nations recognizing the Messiah, as seen in Isaiah 60:3, which speaks of nations coming to the light of Israel.

they went on their way
The magi's journey signifies obedience and faith. Despite Herod's intentions, they continued their quest to find the newborn King. This reflects the theme of seeking truth and divine guidance, as seen in Proverbs 3:5-6, which encourages trust in the Lord's direction.

and the star they had seen in the east
The star is a significant symbol, often interpreted as a miraculous sign from God. It aligns with Numbers 24:17, which prophesies a star coming out of Jacob. The star's appearance in the east suggests divine intervention guiding the magi, who were likely astrologers familiar with celestial events.

went ahead of them
The star's movement indicates God's active role in leading the magi. This guidance parallels the pillar of cloud and fire that led the Israelites in the wilderness (Exodus 13:21). It underscores the theme of divine providence and direction in fulfilling God's purposes.

until it stood over the place where the Child was
The star's precise positioning over the location of Jesus emphasizes the fulfillment of prophecy and God's sovereignty. This moment signifies the culmination of the magi's journey and the revelation of the Messiah's humble beginnings. It echoes Micah 5:2, which foretells the ruler coming from Bethlehem, highlighting the significance of Jesus' birthplace.

When they saw the star
The Magi, often referred to as wise men, were likely astrologers or scholars from the East, possibly Persia or Babylon. Their journey was guided by a celestial event, which they interpreted as the sign of a new king's birth. The star they saw is often linked to the prophecy in Numbers 24:17, which speaks of a star coming out of Jacob. This star's appearance was a divine sign, leading them to the Messiah. The star's guidance highlights God's sovereignty and His ability to use natural phenomena to fulfill His purposes.

they rejoiced
The Magi's reaction upon seeing the star again was one of joy, indicating their deep desire to find and worship the newborn King. Their joy contrasts with Herod's fear and the indifference of the religious leaders in Jerusalem. This joy reflects the fulfillment of their long journey and the anticipation of meeting the prophesied King. It also signifies the joy that comes from divine revelation and the fulfillment of God's promises.

with great delight
The phrase emphasizes the intensity of their joy. This delight is not just a simple happiness but a profound, overwhelming sense of fulfillment and excitement. It underscores the significance of the event they were about to witness—the birth of the Savior. This great delight can be seen as a fulfillment of Isaiah 9:3, which speaks of increased joy at the coming of the Messiah. The Magi's response serves as a model for all who seek Christ, illustrating the joy found in recognizing and worshiping Him.

On coming to the house
The Magi, or wise men, arrived at a house, not a stable, indicating some time had passed since Jesus' birth. This suggests that the family had moved from the manger to more permanent lodging in Bethlehem. The term "house" implies a dwelling place, which aligns with the cultural practice of the time for families to stay in Bethlehem for a period after the birth of a child.

they saw the Child with His mother Mary
The focus is on the Child, Jesus, with Mary mentioned as His mother, highlighting the fulfillment of the prophecy of the virgin birth (Isaiah 7:14). Joseph is not mentioned here, possibly indicating his absence at the moment or emphasizing the centrality of Jesus and Mary in this narrative.

and they fell down and worshiped Him
The act of falling down and worshiping signifies profound reverence and recognition of Jesus' divine nature. The Magi, likely Gentiles, acknowledge Jesus as King, fulfilling prophecies such as Psalm 72:10-11, which speaks of kings bringing gifts and bowing before Him. This act of worship indicates their understanding of His messianic role.

Then they opened their treasures
The opening of treasures signifies the presentation of valuable and significant gifts. In ancient times, such gifts were customary when visiting a person of high status or royalty. The treasures symbolize honor and recognition of Jesus' kingship and divine mission.

and presented Him with gifts of gold and frankincense and myrrh
Gold, a symbol of kingship and wealth, acknowledges Jesus as King. Frankincense, used in priestly rituals, signifies His priestly role and divinity. Myrrh, often used for embalming, foreshadows His suffering and death. These gifts fulfill Isaiah 60:6, which speaks of nations bringing gold and incense to praise the Lord. The gifts also reflect the Magi's understanding of Jesus' multifaceted role as King, Priest, and Sacrifice.

And having been warned in a dream
Dreams are a common means of divine communication in the Bible, seen in the lives of figures like Joseph (Genesis 37:5-10) and Daniel (Daniel 2:19). In Matthew, dreams play a significant role in guiding the events surrounding Jesus' early life (Matthew 1:20, 2:13, 2:19). This divine intervention underscores God's sovereignty and protection over the Christ child.

not to return to Herod
Herod the Great, known for his paranoia and ruthless rule, sought to eliminate any threat to his throne, including the newborn "King of the Jews" (Matthew 2:3). The Magi's decision not to return to Herod highlights the contrast between Herod's earthly power and God's divine authority. This act of obedience to God's warning protected Jesus from Herod's subsequent massacre of the innocents (Matthew 2:16).

they withdrew to their country
The Magi, likely from Persia or Babylon, were Gentiles who recognized and worshiped Jesus as King. Their return to their homeland signifies the beginning of the Gospel's reach beyond Israel, foreshadowing the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19). This event also fulfills the prophecy of nations coming to the light of the Messiah (Isaiah 60:3).

by another route
The Magi's choice to take a different path symbolizes a transformation after encountering Christ. It reflects the spiritual journey of conversion and repentance, where one turns away from former ways and follows a new path in obedience to God. This change of route also ensured the safety of the Christ child, demonstrating God's providential care.

When the Magi had gone
This phrase marks the departure of the Magi, who had visited Jesus to worship Him and present gifts. Their visit fulfills the prophecy of Gentiles coming to the light of Israel (Isaiah 60:3). The Magi's departure signifies a transition from revelation to action, as their visit indirectly triggers Herod's wrath.

an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream
Angelic appearances in dreams are a recurring theme in the nativity narrative, emphasizing divine guidance and intervention. Joseph's dreams parallel those of the Old Testament Joseph, who also received divine messages through dreams (Genesis 37:5-11). This method of communication underscores the importance of obedience to God's will.

“Get up!” he said
The urgency in the angel's command reflects the imminent danger posed by Herod. The imperative "Get up!" indicates immediate action is required, highlighting the seriousness of the situation and the need for prompt obedience.

“Take the Child and His mother and flee to Egypt
Egypt serves as a place of refuge, historically a land of asylum for those fleeing danger (1 Kings 11:40). This journey echoes the story of the Israelites' sojourn in Egypt, drawing a parallel between Jesus and Moses, both of whom were preserved from a tyrannical ruler. Egypt's proximity and large Jewish population made it a logical refuge.

Stay there until I tell you
This instruction emphasizes reliance on divine timing and guidance. Joseph is to remain in Egypt until further notice, demonstrating trust in God's plan and timing. This period of waiting reflects the broader biblical theme of patience and faith in God's promises.

for Herod is going to search for the Child to kill Him
Herod's intent to kill Jesus highlights the threat posed by earthly powers to the divine plan. Herod's actions fulfill the prophecy of opposition to the Messiah (Psalm 2:1-2). This foreshadows the ongoing conflict between the kingdom of God and worldly authorities, a theme that continues throughout Jesus' ministry.

So he got up
This phrase indicates immediate obedience and action. Joseph's response to the angel's warning in a dream (Matthew 2:13) demonstrates his faithfulness and readiness to protect Jesus. This reflects the biblical theme of prompt obedience to God's commands, as seen in figures like Abraham (Genesis 22:3).

took the Child and His mother
Joseph's role as the protector and guardian of Jesus and Mary is emphasized here. The order of "the Child and His mother" highlights Jesus' centrality. This mirrors the care and protection God provides for His people, as seen in the Exodus narrative where God leads and protects Israel.

by night
Traveling by night suggests urgency and the need for secrecy, likely to avoid detection by Herod's forces. This reflects the perilous circumstances surrounding Jesus' early life and the fulfillment of God's plan despite human opposition. Night travel also symbolizes the spiritual darkness from which Jesus, the Light of the World, would deliver humanity.

and withdrew to Egypt
Egypt serves as a place of refuge, echoing the Old Testament narrative of Joseph, who also found refuge in Egypt (Genesis 37-50). This move fulfills the prophecy in Hosea 11:1, "Out of Egypt I called My Son," drawing a parallel between Israel's exodus and Jesus' return from Egypt. Egypt's historical role as a place of both refuge and bondage adds depth to the narrative, highlighting God's sovereignty in using all circumstances for His purposes.

where he stayed until the death of Herod.
Joseph, Mary, and Jesus remained in Egypt until Herod the Great's death, which is estimated to have occurred around 4 BC. Herod was known for his tyrannical rule and paranoia, which led to the massacre of the infants in Bethlehem. The family's stay in Egypt fulfilled God's protective plan, as Egypt was a traditional place of refuge for those fleeing danger, evidenced by its role as a sanctuary for the Israelites in earlier biblical narratives.

This fulfilled what the Lord had spoken through the prophet:
This phrase emphasizes the fulfillment of prophecy, a common theme in Matthew's Gospel, which seeks to demonstrate that Jesus is the promised Messiah. The use of prophecy here underscores the divine orchestration of events, showing that Jesus' life was in accordance with God's predetermined plan. The reference to prophecy also serves to connect Jesus' story with the larger narrative of Israel's history.

“Out of Egypt I called My Son.”
This quotation is from Hosea 11:1, originally referring to Israel's exodus from Egypt. In the context of Matthew, it is typologically applied to Jesus, drawing a parallel between Israel as God's "son" and Jesus as the ultimate fulfillment of this role. This typology highlights Jesus as the true Israel, who embodies and completes the mission that Israel was meant to fulfill. The calling "out of Egypt" signifies deliverance and the beginning of a new covenant, with Jesus as the central figure in God's redemptive plan.

When Herod saw that he had been outwitted by the Magi
Herod the Great, known for his paranoia and tyrannical rule, was appointed King of Judea by the Romans. The Magi, wise men from the East, had visited Herod seeking the newborn "King of the Jews." Herod's fear of losing his throne led him to deceitfully ask the Magi to report back to him. However, warned in a dream, the Magi returned home by another route, thus outwitting Herod. This event highlights the divine protection over Jesus and the failure of human schemes against God's plans.

he was filled with rage
Herod's reaction is consistent with his historical character. Known for his violent and ruthless nature, Herod had previously executed several family members whom he suspected of treason. His rage here is a manifestation of his fear and insecurity about losing power. This emotional response sets the stage for the tragic events that follow, illustrating the lengths to which Herod would go to eliminate perceived threats.

Sending orders, he put to death all the boys in Bethlehem and its vicinity
Bethlehem, a small town in Judea, is significant as the prophesied birthplace of the Messiah (Micah 5:2). Herod's orders to kill all male children in Bethlehem and surrounding areas reflect his desperation to eliminate Jesus. This massacre, known as the "Massacre of the Innocents," is not recorded in secular history but aligns with Herod's known brutality. The event fulfills the prophecy of Rachel weeping for her children (Jeremiah 31:15), symbolizing the sorrow of Israel.

who were two years old and under
Herod's decision to target boys two years old and under was based on the timeline provided by the Magi regarding the star's appearance. This suggests that Jesus could have been up to two years old at the time of the Magi's visit. The age range indicates Herod's attempt to ensure the elimination of the child he perceived as a threat, showing his thoroughness in trying to secure his reign.

according to the time he had learned from the Magi
The Magi's visit and their report about the star's timing were crucial in Herod's calculation. This detail underscores the Magi's role in the narrative and the divine orchestration of events. The star, a celestial sign, guided the Magi to Jesus and played a part in fulfilling God's plan, despite Herod's intentions. This phrase highlights the intersection of divine revelation and human action in the unfolding of biblical prophecy.

Then what was spoken through the prophet Jeremiah was fulfilled:
This phrase introduces the fulfillment of a prophecy, a common theme in the Gospel of Matthew, which often emphasizes how Jesus' life and events surrounding it fulfill Old Testament prophecies. The use of "spoken through the prophet Jeremiah" indicates the importance of the prophetic tradition in validating Jesus' messianic role. Jeremiah, a major prophet in the Hebrew Bible, is known for his messages of judgment and hope. The fulfillment of prophecy here underscores the divine orchestration of events and the continuity between the Old and New Testaments. This particular prophecy is found in Jeremiah 31:15, which originally referred to the mourning in Ramah during the Babylonian exile. Matthew's use of this prophecy highlights the sorrow of the mothers in Bethlehem, drawing a parallel between the historical grief of Israel and the contemporary grief caused by Herod's massacre of the innocents. This connection also serves to typify Jesus as the true Israel, who will ultimately bring redemption and restoration. A voice is heard in Ramah
Ramah was a town in the territory of Benjamin, located about five miles north of Jerusalem. It is historically significant as a place where the prophet Samuel was born and buried. In the context of Matthew 2:18, Ramah is symbolic of the collective grief of Israel. The "voice" signifies a prophetic utterance, echoing the lamentation found in Jeremiah 31:15. This prophecy originally referred to the Babylonian exile, where captives were gathered in Ramah before being taken to Babylon. The New Testament application connects this lament to the massacre of the innocents in Bethlehem, showing the fulfillment of prophecy through the events surrounding Jesus' early life.

weeping and great mourning
The intense sorrow described here reflects the deep anguish experienced by the mothers of Bethlehem. This phrase captures the emotional depth of the tragedy, emphasizing the severity of Herod's actions. The mourning is not just personal but communal, affecting the entire region. This mirrors the historical context of Israel's suffering and exile, drawing a parallel between past and present grief.

Rachel weeping for her children
Rachel, the beloved wife of Jacob, is considered the matriarch of Israel. Her weeping symbolizes the sorrow of the nation, as she is metaphorically mourning for her descendants. Rachel's tomb, located near Bethlehem, adds geographical significance to this lament. The imagery of Rachel weeping connects to Genesis 35:19-20 and Jeremiah 31:15, where Rachel's sorrow is emblematic of the collective suffering of Israel. This typology points to the broader narrative of redemption and hope, as Rachel's weeping precedes the promise of restoration in Jeremiah.

and refusing to be comforted
This phrase highlights the depth of despair and the inconsolable nature of the loss. The refusal to be comforted underscores the magnitude of the tragedy, as the mothers of Bethlehem cannot be consoled in the face of such devastating loss. This reflects the cultural context of mourning in ancient Israel, where expressions of grief were profound and communal. Theologically, it points to the human condition and the need for divine intervention and comfort.

because they are no more
The finality of this phrase emphasizes the irreversible nature of the tragedy. The children "are no more," indicating their death and the end of their earthly lives. This echoes the historical reality of the massacre and the fulfillment of prophecy. It also serves as a somber reminder of the cost of sin and the brokenness of the world, setting the stage for the redemptive work of Christ. Theologically, it points to the hope of resurrection and eternal life, where death is ultimately conquered through Jesus.

After Herod died
Herod the Great, known for his extensive building projects and the infamous massacre of the infants in Bethlehem, died in 4 B.C. His death marked the end of a tyrannical reign and fulfilled the prophecy that those seeking the child's life were dead (Matthew 2:20). Herod's death allowed for the return of the Holy Family to Israel, signifying a new chapter in the life of Jesus. Historically, Herod's death led to the division of his kingdom among his sons, which is significant for understanding the political landscape of the time.

an angel of the Lord appeared
Angelic appearances are a recurring theme in the nativity narrative, emphasizing divine intervention and guidance. Angels are messengers of God, often bringing important revelations or instructions. This appearance underscores the divine protection and guidance over Jesus' early life, ensuring the fulfillment of God's plan.

in a dream to Joseph
Dreams were a common means of divine communication in biblical times, as seen with figures like Jacob and Daniel. Joseph, a righteous man, is portrayed as obedient and receptive to God's guidance through dreams. This method of communication highlights Joseph's role as a protector and caretaker of Jesus, ensuring his safety and the fulfillment of prophecy.

in Egypt
Egypt served as a place of refuge for the Holy Family, fulfilling the prophecy "Out of Egypt I called my son" (Hosea 11:1). This echoes the story of Israel's exodus, drawing a parallel between Jesus and Moses as deliverers of God's people. Egypt's historical role as a place of refuge for Israelites, such as during the time of Joseph and the patriarchs, adds depth to its significance in the narrative.

“Get up!” he said.
This command is given by an angel of the Lord to Joseph in a dream. The imperative "Get up!" signifies urgency and divine intervention. In biblical narratives, dreams often serve as a medium for God’s communication, as seen with Joseph in Genesis. The angel's appearance underscores the importance of obedience to divine instructions.

“Take the Child and His mother
The Child refers to Jesus, and His mother is Mary. This phrase emphasizes the protective role Joseph plays in the Holy Family. The order of mention, with the Child first, highlights Jesus' centrality. Joseph's responsibility is to safeguard the Messiah, fulfilling his role as a guardian chosen by God.

and go to the land of Israel,
The land of Israel is significant as the Promised Land, central to Jewish identity and God's covenant with His people. Returning to Israel signifies a fulfillment of prophecy and divine plan. This journey mirrors the Exodus, where God leads His people back to the land He promised.

for those seeking the Child’s life are now dead.”
This phrase refers to Herod the Great, who sought to kill Jesus, fearing the loss of his throne. Herod's death is historically placed around 4 B.C. The phrase echoes God's protection over His chosen ones, similar to how He protected Moses from Pharaoh. This also fulfills the prophecy of Hosea 11:1, "Out of Egypt I called my son," as Jesus' return from Egypt symbolizes a new exodus and deliverance.

So Joseph got up
Joseph's immediate obedience is a recurring theme in the Gospel of Matthew. His actions reflect a pattern of responsiveness to divine guidance, as seen earlier when he took Mary as his wife after an angelic visitation. This obedience is reminiscent of the patriarchs, such as Abraham, who also responded promptly to God's commands.

took the Child and His mother
The phrase emphasizes the protective role of Joseph as the guardian of Jesus and Mary. It highlights the family unit's journey, underscoring the importance of family in God's plan. This mirrors the Exodus narrative, where families were central to the preservation and continuation of God's people.

and went to the land of Israel
The return to Israel fulfills the prophecy of Hosea 11:1, "Out of Egypt I called my son," which Matthew cites earlier. This journey signifies a new exodus, with Jesus as the new Moses, leading His people to spiritual freedom. The land of Israel is not just a geographical location but a symbol of God's covenant promises to His people.

But when he learned that Archelaus was reigning in Judea in place of his father Herod
Archelaus was the son of Herod the Great, who ruled Judea after his father's death. Herod the Great was known for his tyrannical rule and the massacre of the innocents in Bethlehem (Matthew 2:16). Archelaus inherited his father's kingdom but was known for his cruelty and incompetence, which eventually led to his removal by the Romans. This historical context explains Joseph's fear, as Archelaus's reputation was well-known. The political instability in Judea under Archelaus contrasts with the relative peace in Galilee, where Herod Antipas ruled. This situation fulfills the prophecy of Jesus being called a Nazarene (Matthew 2:23), as Joseph's decision to avoid Judea led them to settle in Nazareth.

he was afraid to go there
Joseph's fear is a natural human response to the threat posed by Archelaus. This fear is significant as it shows Joseph's protective nature over his family, particularly Jesus. It also highlights the ongoing danger to Jesus' life, even after Herod the Great's death. The fear of returning to Judea underscores the fulfillment of God's plan, as it directs the Holy Family to Galilee, aligning with the divine purpose and prophetic fulfillment.

And having been warned in a dream
Divine guidance through dreams is a recurring theme in the early chapters of Matthew. Joseph previously received dreams instructing him to take Mary as his wife (Matthew 1:20) and to flee to Egypt (Matthew 2:13). This method of communication emphasizes God's direct involvement and protection over Jesus' life. Dreams in the biblical context often signify important revelations or instructions from God, ensuring that His will is accomplished despite human fears and political threats.

he withdrew to the district of Galilee
Galilee, a region north of Judea, was under the rule of Herod Antipas, who was considered less threatening than Archelaus. This move to Galilee fulfills the prophecy that Jesus would be called a Nazarene (Matthew 2:23). Galilee's significance in Jesus' life and ministry is profound, as it becomes the primary setting for much of His teaching and miracles. The region's mixed population of Jews and Gentiles also foreshadows the universal scope of Jesus' mission. The withdrawal to Galilee highlights God's providential care and the unfolding of His redemptive plan through Jesus Christ.

and he went and lived in a town called Nazareth.
Nazareth was a small and relatively obscure village in the region of Galilee. At the time of Jesus, it was not a place of great significance or renown, which is reflected in Nathanael's question in John 1:46, "Can anything good come out of Nazareth?" This phrase highlights the humility and lowliness of Jesus' upbringing, aligning with the theme of God choosing the humble and lowly to accomplish His purposes. The choice of Nazareth as Jesus' hometown fulfills God's plan for the Messiah to be approachable and relatable to the common people. Archaeological evidence suggests that Nazareth was a small agricultural settlement during the first century, with a population of a few hundred people.

So was fulfilled what was spoken through the prophets:
This phrase emphasizes the fulfillment of prophecy, a recurring theme in the Gospel of Matthew, which seeks to demonstrate that Jesus is the promised Messiah of the Old Testament. Although there is no direct Old Testament prophecy that states the Messiah would be called a Nazarene, this phrase suggests a broader understanding of the prophetic tradition. The prophets often spoke of the Messiah in terms that implied humility and rejection, such as Isaiah 53:3, which describes the suffering servant as "despised and rejected by men." The fulfillment of prophecy in Jesus' life serves to validate His messianic identity and divine mission.

“He will be called a Nazarene.”
The term "Nazarene" may carry a dual significance. First, it connects to the Hebrew word "netzer," meaning "branch," found in Isaiah 11:1, which speaks of a shoot coming from the stump of Jesse, a prophecy about the Davidic lineage of the Messiah. This connection suggests that Jesus, as a Nazarene, is the righteous branch from David's line. Second, being called a Nazarene also implies being despised or scorned, as Nazareth was a town of little repute. This aligns with the prophetic theme of the Messiah being one who would be rejected and suffer for the sake of humanity, as seen in passages like Psalm 22 and Isaiah 53. The title "Nazarene" thus encapsulates both Jesus' royal lineage and His role as the suffering servant.