In biblical law, the act of a man lying with an animal is explicitly condemned and categorized as a grave sin. This act is referred to as bestiality and is addressed in several passages within the Old Testament, reflecting the moral and legal standards of ancient Israelite society.

Biblical References:

1. Leviticus 18:23 : "You must not have sexual relations with any animal, defiling yourself with it. A woman must not stand before an animal to mate with it; that is a perversion." This verse is part of a larger section in Leviticus that outlines various sexual prohibitions, emphasizing the importance of maintaining purity and holiness among the Israelites.

2. Leviticus 20:15-16 : "If a man has sexual relations with an animal, he must be put to death. And you are also to kill the animal. If a woman approaches any animal to mate with it, you must kill both the woman and the animal. They must surely be put to death; their blood is upon them." This passage prescribes the death penalty for both the human and the animal involved, underscoring the severity with which this transgression is viewed.

3. Exodus 22:19 : "Whoever lies with an animal must surely be put to death." This succinct commandment is part of a series of laws given to the Israelites, highlighting the act as a capital offense.

Cultural and Theological Context:

In the context of ancient Israel, the prohibition against bestiality is closely linked to the broader theme of maintaining the sanctity of creation and the distinct roles assigned to humans and animals. The Israelites were called to be a holy people, set apart from the surrounding nations, and adherence to these laws was a reflection of their covenant relationship with God.

The severity of the punishment reflects the belief that such acts were not only morally reprehensible but also a violation of the natural order established by God. The prescribed death penalty served as a deterrent and a means of purging the community of behavior deemed abominable.

Comparative Ancient Near Eastern Context:

Laws against bestiality are not unique to the Hebrew Bible; similar prohibitions can be found in other ancient Near Eastern legal codes. These laws often reflect a shared cultural understanding of the boundaries between human and animal behavior and the need to uphold societal norms.

Interpretation and Application:

Throughout history, Jewish and Christian interpreters have understood these prohibitions as part of the broader biblical call to sexual purity and ethical living. While the specific legal penalties are not applied in contemporary religious practice, the underlying principles continue to inform discussions on sexual ethics and morality within these faith traditions.