Areopagus

the hill of Mars

Areopagus

[MARS HILL? HILL]

Areopagus

The hill of Mars, the seat of the ancient and venerable supreme court of Athens, called the Areopagites, Acts 17:19-34. It was composed entirely of ex-archons, of grave and blameless character, and their wise and just decisions made it famous far beyond the bounds of Greece. Their numbers and authority varied greatly from age to age. They held their sessions by night. They took cognizance of murders, impieties, and immoralities; punished vices of all kinds, idleness included; rewarded or assisted the virtuous; and were peculiarly attentive to blasphemies against the gods, and to the performance of the sacred mysteries. The case of Paul, therefore, would naturally come before them, for he sought to subvert their whole system of idolatry, and establish Christianity in its place. The Bible narrative, however, rather describes an informal popular movement. Having heard Paul discoursing from day to day in the market place, the philosophic and inquisitive Athenians took him one day up into the adjacent hill, for a more full and quiet exposition of his doctrine. The stone seats of the Areopagus lay open to the sky; in the court stood Epicureans, Stoics, etc.; around them spread the city, full of idolaters and their temples; and little south-east rose the steep height of the Acropolis, on whose level summit were crowded more and richer idolatrous structures than on any other equal space in the world. Amid this scene, Paul exhibited the sin and folly of idol-worship with such boldness and power, that none could refute him, and some were converted.

The Latin form of the Greek word rendered "Mars' hill." But it denotes also the council or court of justice which met in the open air on the hill. It was a rocky height to the west of the Acropolis at Athens, on the south-east summit of which the council was held which was constituted by Solon, and consisted of nine archons or chief magistrates who were then in office, and the ex-archons of blameless life.

On this hill of Mars (Gr. Ares) Paul delivered his memorable address to the "men of Athens" (Acts 17:22-31).

(n.) The highest judicial court at Athens. Its sessions were held on Mars' Hill. Hence, any high court or tribunalAREOPAGUS

ar-e-op'-a-gus (Areios pagos; Acts 17:19, 22. Mars' Hill, 17:22 the King James Version): A sort of spur jutting out from the western end of the Acropolis and separated from it by a very short saddle. Traces of old steps cut in the rock are still to be seen. Underneath are deep grottoes, once the home of the Eumenides (Furies). On the flat surface of the summit are signs still visible of a smoothing of the stone for seats. Directly below to the North was the old Athenian agora, or market-place. To the East, on the descent from the Acropolis, could be seen in antiquity a small semicircular platform-the orchestra-from which rose the precipitous rock of the citadel. Here the booksellers kept their stalls; here the work of Anaxagoras could be bought for a drachma; from here his physical philosophy was disseminated, then, through Euripides, the poetic associate of Socrates and the sophists, leavened the drama, and finally reached the people of Athens. Then came the Stoics and Epicureans who taught philosophy and religion as a system, not as a faith, and spent their time in searching out some new thing in creed and dogma and opinion. Five centuries earlier Socrates was brought to this very Areopagus to face the charges of his accusers.

To this same spot the apostle Paul came almost five hundred years after 399 B.C., when the Attic martyr was executed, with the same earnestness, the same deep-rooted convictions, and with even greater ardor, to meet the philosophers of fashion. The Athenian guides will show you the exact place where the apostle stood, and in what direction he faced when he addressed his audience. No city has ever seen such a forest of statues as studded the market-place, the streets and the sides and summit of the Acropolis of Athens. A large part of this wealth of art was in full view of the speaker, and the apostle naturally made this extraordinary display of votive statues and offerings the starting-point of his address. He finds the Athenians extremely religious. He had found an altar to a god unknown. Then he develops theme of the great and only God, not from the Hebrew, but from the Greek, the Stoic point of view. His audiences consisted, on the one hand, of the advocates of prudence as the means, and pleasure as the end (the Epicureans); on the other, of the advocates of duty, of living in harmony with the intelligence which rules the world for good. He frankly expresses his sympathy with the nobler principles of the Stoic doctrine. But neither Stoic nor Epicurean could believe the declarations of the apostle: the latter believed death to be the end of all things, the former thought that the soul at death was absorbed again into that from which it sprang. Both understood Paul as proclaiming to them in Jesus and Anastasis ("resurrection") some new deities. When they finally ascertained that Jesus was ordained by God to judge the world, and that Anastasis was merely the resurrection of the dead, they were disappointed. Some scoffed, others departed, doubtless with the feeling that they had already given audience too long to such a fanatic.

The Areopagus, or Hill of Ares, was the ancient seat of the court of the same name, the establishment of which leads us far back into the mythical period long before the dawn of history. This court exercised the right of capital punishment. In 594 B.C. the jurisdiction in criminal cases was given to the archons who had discharged the duties of their office well and honorably, consequently to the noblest, richest and most distinguished citizens of Athens. The Areopagus saw that the laws in force were observed and executed by the properly constituted authorities; it could bring officials to trial for their acts while in office, even raise objections to all resolutions of the Council and of the General Assembly, if the court perceived a danger to the state, or subversion of the constitution. The Areopagus also protected the worship of the gods, the sanctuaries and sacred festivals, and the olive trees of Athens; and it supervised the religious sentiments of the people, the moral conduct of the citizens, as well as the education of the youth.

Without waiting for a formal accusation the Areopagus could summon any citizen to court, examine, convict and punish him. Under unusual circumstances full powers could be granted by the people to this body for the conduct of various affairs of state; when the safety of the city was menaced, the court acted even without waiting for full power to be conferred upon it. The tenure of office was for life, and the number of members without restriction. The court sat at night at the end of each month and for three nights in succession. The place of meeting was a simple house, built of clay, which was still to be seen in the time of Vitruvius. The Areopagus, hallowed by the sacred traditions of the past, a dignified and august body, was independent of and uninfluenced by the wavering discordant multitude, and was not affected by the ever-changing public opinion. Conservative almost to a fault, it did the state good service by holding in check the too rash and radical younger spirits. When the democratic party came to power, after Cimon's banishment, one of its first acts was to limit the powers of the Areopagus. By the law of Ephialtes in 460 the court lost practically all jurisdiction. The supervision of the government was transferred to the nomophulakes (law-guardians). At the end of the Peloponnesian war, however, in 403 its old rights were restored. The court remained in existence down to the time of the emperors. From Acts 17:19, 22 we learn that it existed in the time of Claudius. One of its members was converted to the Christian faith (17:34). It was probably abolished by Vespasian.

As to whether Paul was "forcibly apprehended and formally tried," see Conybeare and Howson, The Life and Epistles of Paul, chapter x, and The Expositor, 5th series, II, 209, 261 (Ramsay).

LITERATURE.

P. W. Forchhammer, De Areopago (Kiel, 1828); Philippi, Der A. und die Epheten (Leipzig, 1874); Lange, Die Epheten und der A. vor Solon (Leipzig, 1874).

J. E. Harry

697. Areios Pagos -- "the Hill of Ares," Areopagus, a hill in ...
Areios Pagos. 696, 697. Areios Pagos. 698 . "the Hill of Ares," Areopagus,
a hill in Athens. Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration: Areios Pagos ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/697.htm - 6k

698. Areopagites -- a judge of the court of Areopagus
... a judge of the court of Areopagus. Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration:
Areopagites Phonetic Spelling: (ar-eh-op-ag-ee'-tace) Short Definition ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/698.htm - 6k

What Varro Reports About the Term Areopagus, and About Deucalion's ...
... Book XVIII. Chapter 10."What Varro Reports About the Term Areopagus, and
About Deucalion's Flood. Marcus Varro, however, is not ...
/.../augustine/city of god/chapter 10 what varro reports about.htm

Acts xvii. 16, 17
... [870] "And having taken him, they brought him to the Areopagus" (v.19)"not to punish,
but in order to ... (g) (Then) why did they hale him to the Areopagus? ...
/.../chrysostom/homilies on acts and romans/homily xxxviii acts xvii 16.htm

Paul's Great Speech at Athens
... from the dead. And they took him to the Court of Areopagus and said, "May
we hear what this new teaching of yours is? For the things ...
/.../sherman/the childrens bible/pauls great speech at athens.htm

Farewell
... birthplace the city of Athens, where Paul, the greatest apostle of Jesus Christ,
uttered his immortal oration to the Athenians, on the Areopagus (Mars Hill). ...
/.../conversion of a high priest into a christian worker/chapter i farewell.htm

Paul in Athens.
... "And they took him, and brought him unto Areopagus." The Areopagus was a court of
great authority, which derived its name from the place where its meetings ...
/.../dick/lectures on the acts of the apostles/lecture xx paul in athens.htm

Acts XVII
... few. (19) "And they took him and led him to the Areopagus, saying, Can
we know what this new doctrine is, of which you speak? (20 ...
/.../mcgarvey/a commentary on acts of the apostles/acts xvii.htm

Contemporary Pagan and Heretical Hymns
... Paul was obviously acquainted with the Hymn of Cleanthes, a Stoic writer of the
third century, BC, for he quoted his words on the Areopagus. ...
/.../v contemporary pagan and heretical.htm

First Day in New York
... of the Scriptures, be he a Christian or philosopher of the Epicurean or the Stoic
system that could reasonably argue that the oration on the Areopagus made by ...
/.../chapter iii first day in.htm

Professor of Sanskrit, Bengali, and Marathi
... grammar and begun a dictionary, while he had continually used its great epics in
preaching to the Brahmans, as Paul had quoted the Greek poets on the Areopagus ...
/.../smith/the life of william carey/chapter ix professor of sanskrit.htm

Character of the Times in which the Christian Religion was ...
... Joseph the Arimathean was of the Jewish sanhedrim, Dionysius of the Athenian, Areopagus,
and Flavius Clemens, of the Roman senate; nay, at the time of his death ...
/.../sect iv character of the.htm

Areopagus (3 Occurrences)
...AREOPAGUS. ar-e-op'-a-gus (Areios pagos; Acts 17:19, 22. ... Five centuries earlier Socrates
was brought to this very Areopagus to face the charges of his accusers. ...
/a/areopagus.htm - 14k

Are-op'agus (2 Occurrences)
Are-op'agus. Areopagus, Are-op'agus. Areopolis . Multi-Version Concordance
Are-op'agus (2 Occurrences). ... Areopagus, Are-op'agus. Areopolis . Reference Bible
/a/are-op'agus.htm - 6k

Athens (5 Occurrences)
... On his second missionary journey Paul visited this city (Acts 17:15; Comp. 1
Thessalonians 3:1), and delivered in the Areopagus his famous speech (17:22-31). ...
/a/athens.htm - 15k

Areopagite (1 Occurrence)
... Easton's Bible Dictionary A member of the court of Areopagus (Acts 17:34). Noah
Webster's Dictionary. (n.) A member of the Areopagus. Int. ...
/a/areopagite.htm - 7k

Mars (2 Occurrences)
... The Areopagus or rocky hill in Athens, north-west of the Acropolis, where the Athenian
supreme tribunal and court of morals was held. ... (see AREOPAGUS.). ...
/m/mars.htm - 7k

Over-religious (1 Occurrence)
... Acts 17:22 And Paul, having stood in the midst of the Areopagus, said, 'Men,
Athenians, in all things I perceive you as over-religious; (YLT). ...
/o/over-religious.htm - 6k

Whereof (94 Occurrences)
... (ASV). Acts 17:19 And they took him, and brought him unto Areopagus, saying, May
we know what this new doctrine, whereof thou speakest, is? (KJV). ...
/w/whereof.htm - 36k

Follows (65 Occurrences)
... Acts 17:22 So Paul, taking his stand in the centre of the Areopagus, spoke as follows:
"Men of Athens, I perceive that you are in every respect remarkably ...
/f/follows.htm - 25k

Respects (13 Occurrences)
... Acts 17:22 Paul stood in the middle of the Areopagus, and said, "You men of Athens,
I perceive that you are very religious in all things. (See NAS). ...
/r/respects.htm - 10k

Remarkably (1 Occurrence)
... Acts 17:22 So Paul, taking his stand in the centre of the Areopagus, spoke as follows:
"Men of Athens, I perceive that you are in every respect remarkably ...
/r/remarkably.htm - 6k

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