In biblical times, the relationship between debtors and creditors was a significant aspect of economic and social life. The Scriptures provide various teachings and laws concerning the responsibilities and ethical considerations for both parties involved in financial transactions.

Old Testament Context

The Old Testament contains numerous references to debt and the treatment of debtors and creditors. The Mosaic Law provided specific guidelines to ensure fairness and compassion in these relationships. For instance, Exodus 22:25 instructs, "If you lend money to one of My people among you who is poor, you must not be like a moneylender to him; you must not charge him interest." This command reflects a concern for the welfare of the poor and prohibits the exploitation of those in financial distress.

The concept of the Sabbatical Year, as outlined in Deuteronomy 15:1-2 , further illustrates the biblical approach to debt: "At the end of every seven years you must cancel debts. This is how it is to be done: Every creditor shall cancel the loan he has made to his fellow Israelite. He shall not require payment from his fellow Israelite or brother, because the LORD’s time for canceling debts has been proclaimed." This provision was designed to prevent the accumulation of insurmountable debt and to promote economic reset and social equity.

Additionally, the Year of Jubilee, described in Leviticus 25, was a time when debts were forgiven, and land was returned to its original owners, emphasizing the restoration of economic balance and the prevention of perpetual poverty.

New Testament Teachings

In the New Testament, the teachings of Jesus and the apostles further develop the ethical considerations surrounding debt. Jesus' parables often include references to debtors and creditors, using these relationships to illustrate spiritual truths. In the Parable of the Unforgiving Servant (Matthew 18:23-35), Jesus highlights the importance of mercy and forgiveness, as a servant who was forgiven a great debt by his master failed to show the same compassion to a fellow servant who owed him a smaller amount.

The Apostle Paul, in his epistles, also addresses the issue of debt. In Romans 13:8 , he writes, "Be indebted to no one, except to one another in love, for he who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law." This exhortation underscores the primacy of love and mutual care over financial obligations, encouraging believers to prioritize relationships over material concerns.

Ethical Considerations

The biblical perspective on debt emphasizes ethical behavior, compassion, and justice. Creditors are called to act with integrity and mercy, avoiding practices that exploit or oppress debtors. Debtors, in turn, are encouraged to fulfill their obligations responsibly and honestly.

The Bible also warns against the dangers of excessive debt. Proverbs 22:7 states, "The rich rule over the poor, and the borrower is slave to the lender." This proverb serves as a cautionary reminder of the potential loss of freedom and autonomy that can accompany indebtedness.

Overall, the biblical teachings on debtors and creditors reflect a concern for social justice, economic fairness, and the well-being of the community. These principles continue to inform Christian ethics and financial practices today, encouraging believers to approach financial relationships with integrity, compassion, and a commitment to the common good.