The term "ephah of barley" appears in various contexts within the Bible, primarily in the Old Testament, and is significant in understanding ancient Hebrew measurements, offerings, and daily life. The ephah is a unit of dry measure used by the Israelites, roughly equivalent to 22 liters or about 5.8 gallons. Barley, a staple grain in ancient Israel, was often measured in ephahs for various purposes, including offerings, trade, and sustenance.

Biblical References:

1. Ruth 2:17 · In the Book of Ruth, the ephah of barley is mentioned in the context of gleaning. After Ruth gleaned in the fields of Boaz, she threshed the barley she had gathered and it amounted to about an ephah. This substantial amount highlights Boaz's generosity and the providence of God in providing for Ruth and Naomi. The Berean Standard Bible states, "So Ruth gathered grain in the field until evening. Then she beat out what she had gleaned, and it was about an ephah of barley."

2. Exodus 16:36 · The ephah is also referenced in the context of the manna provided to the Israelites in the wilderness. The ephah is related to the omer, another unit of measure, as the text explains the relationship between the two: "Now an omer is a tenth of an ephah." This connection helps to understand the daily provision of manna as a divinely ordained sustenance for the Israelites.

3. Leviticus 5:11 · In the sacrificial system, the ephah is used to measure offerings. For those who could not afford more expensive offerings, a portion of an ephah of fine flour was acceptable as a sin offering. This provision underscores the inclusivity of the sacrificial system, allowing even the poor to participate in atonement rituals: "But if he cannot afford two turtledoves or two young pigeons, he may bring as his offering for his sin a tenth of an ephah of fine flour as a sin offering."

Cultural and Religious Significance:

The ephah of barley is emblematic of God's provision and the agrarian lifestyle of ancient Israel. Barley was one of the first grains to be harvested in the agricultural calendar, marking the beginning of the harvest season. It was a common food source, often used to make bread, and was less expensive than wheat, making it accessible to the poorer segments of society.

In the context of offerings, the ephah of barley represents the principle of giving according to one's means. The sacrificial system allowed for varying levels of offerings, ensuring that everyone could participate in worship and atonement, regardless of economic status.

Symbolism and Typology:

Barley, as a symbol of humility and provision, is often contrasted with wheat, which was considered a more luxurious grain. The use of barley in offerings and narratives like that of Ruth can be seen as a typological foreshadowing of God's grace and provision through Christ, who is the Bread of Life. Just as barley sustained the physical needs of the Israelites, Christ sustains the spiritual needs of believers.

In summary, the ephah of barley serves as a multifaceted symbol within the biblical narrative, illustrating themes of provision, humility, and divine grace. Its presence in Scripture provides insight into the daily life and religious practices of ancient Israel, while also pointing to deeper spiritual truths.