The term "ephah" is a biblical unit of measurement used primarily for dry goods, such as grain or flour. It is frequently mentioned in the Old Testament, particularly in the context of offerings and trade. The ephah is equivalent to approximately 22 liters or about 0.6 bushels. This measurement is significant in understanding the economic and religious practices of ancient Israel.

Biblical References

The ephah is first mentioned in the context of offerings in the Book of Exodus. In Exodus 16:36, it is noted, "Now an omer is a tenth of an ephah." This reference helps to establish the ephah as a standard measure for the Israelites, particularly in the collection of manna.

In Leviticus, the ephah is frequently associated with grain offerings. Leviticus 5:11 states, "But if he cannot afford two turtledoves or two young pigeons, he is to bring as his offering for the sin he has committed a tenth of an ephah of fine flour as a sin offering." This passage highlights the use of flour in sacrificial offerings, emphasizing the importance of the ephah in religious observance.

The Book of Numbers also references the ephah in the context of offerings. Numbers 28:5 instructs, "along with a tenth of an ephah of fine flour as a grain offering, mixed with a quarter hin of oil from pressed olives." Here, the ephah is part of the daily offerings, underscoring its role in the regular worship practices of the Israelites.

Cultural and Economic Significance

The ephah was not only a religious measure but also an economic one. It was used in trade and commerce, as seen in the prophetic writings. In Micah 6:10, the prophet condemns dishonest practices, saying, "Am I still to forget a wicked house, along with its ill-gotten treasures? And the short ephah, which is accursed?" This indicates that the ephah was a standard measure in the marketplace, and any deviation from it was considered deceitful and unjust.

In the Book of Ruth, the ephah is mentioned in a narrative context. Ruth 2:17 records, "So Ruth gleaned in the field until evening. Then she threshed the barley she had gathered, and it amounted to about an ephah." This passage provides insight into the daily life and labor of individuals in ancient Israel, illustrating the ephah's role in subsistence and survival.

Theological Implications

The use of the ephah in offerings and trade reflects broader theological themes in the Bible, such as justice, honesty, and devotion. The precise measurement required for offerings signifies the importance of obedience and reverence in worship. The condemnation of a "short ephah" in Micah underscores the biblical call for integrity and fairness in economic dealings.

The ephah of flour, therefore, is more than a mere unit of measurement; it is a symbol of the covenant relationship between God and His people, representing both the provision of God and the response of faithful stewardship by the Israelites.