The Fasts of the Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, and Tenth Months are significant observances in the Jewish religious calendar, rooted in historical events that marked periods of mourning and reflection for the people of Israel. These fasts are mentioned in the prophetic literature of the Old Testament and hold theological and historical importance.

Fast of the Fourth Month

The Fast of the Fourth Month commemorates the breaching of the walls of Jerusalem by the Babylonians. This event is recorded in 2 Kings 25:3-4 and Jeremiah 39:2, marking a pivotal moment in the Babylonian siege of Jerusalem. The prophet Zechariah references this fast, stating, "The fasts of the fourth, fifth, seventh, and tenth months will become joyful and glad occasions and happy festivals for Judah. Therefore, love truth and peace" (Zechariah 8:19). This fast typically occurs in the month of Tammuz.

Fast of the Fifth Month

The Fast of the Fifth Month, observed in the month of Av, commemorates the destruction of the First Temple by the Babylonians in 586 BC, as well as the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans in AD 70. This fast is a time of deep mourning and reflection on the loss of the Temple, which was the center of Jewish worship and national identity. The significance of this fast is underscored by its mention in Zechariah 7:3, where the people inquire whether they should continue to mourn and fast as they have done for many years.

Fast of the Seventh Month

The Fast of the Seventh Month, observed in the month of Tishrei, is associated with the assassination of Gedaliah, the governor appointed by the Babylonians after the destruction of Jerusalem. This event is recorded in 2 Kings 25:25 and Jeremiah 41:1-3. The murder of Gedaliah led to further calamity for the remnant of Judah, as it prompted fear and flight to Egypt, contrary to God's instructions. This fast is a time to remember the consequences of political instability and disobedience to God's commands.

Fast of the Tenth Month

The Fast of the Tenth Month, observed in the month of Tevet, marks the beginning of the siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. This event is recorded in 2 Kings 25:1 and Ezekiel 24:1-2. The siege ultimately led to the destruction of the city and the Temple. This fast serves as a reminder of the severe judgment that befell Jerusalem due to the people's persistent sin and rebellion against God.

These fasts, while rooted in historical events, carry a prophetic promise of transformation. As noted in Zechariah 8:19, they are destined to become occasions of joy and gladness, reflecting the hope of restoration and redemption for God's people. The observance of these fasts encourages reflection on the themes of repentance, divine judgment, and the enduring hope of God's covenant faithfulness.