The term "Teachers of the Law," also known as "scribes" or "lawyers" in various translations, refers to a group of Jewish religious leaders in the New Testament who were experts in the Mosaic Law. They played a significant role in the religious and social life of Israel during the time of Jesus and the early church. Their primary responsibilities included interpreting, teaching, and preserving the Law of Moses, as well as adjudicating legal disputes.

Historical Background

The Teachers of the Law emerged during the post-exilic period when the Jewish people returned from Babylonian captivity. With the rebuilding of the Temple and the re-establishment of Jewish society, there was a renewed emphasis on the Torah as the foundation of religious and communal life. The scribes became the custodians of the Law, ensuring its accurate transmission and application.

Role and Function

1. Interpreters of the Law: The Teachers of the Law were responsible for interpreting the Torah and applying it to everyday life. They developed an extensive body of oral tradition, known as the "Oral Law," which sought to clarify and expand upon the written commandments.

2. Educators: They served as educators, teaching the Law to the people in synagogues and other settings. Their instruction was crucial for maintaining the religious identity and practices of the Jewish community.

3. Judicial Authorities: As legal experts, the scribes often served as judges in legal matters, providing rulings based on their understanding of the Law. They were consulted on issues ranging from ritual purity to civil disputes.

4. Copyists and Preservers: The scribes were also responsible for copying and preserving the sacred texts. Their meticulous work ensured the accurate transmission of the Scriptures through generations.

New Testament Context

In the New Testament, the Teachers of the Law are frequently mentioned in the Gospels, often in association with the Pharisees. They are depicted as influential figures who held significant sway over the religious life of the Jewish people. However, their interactions with Jesus were often contentious.

1. Opposition to Jesus: The Teachers of the Law frequently opposed Jesus, challenging His authority and teachings. They were critical of His interpretation of the Law and His association with sinners and tax collectors. In Matthew 23:13, Jesus pronounces woes upon them, saying, "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, you hypocrites! You shut the kingdom of heaven in men's faces; you yourselves do not enter, nor will you let in those who wish to enter."

2. Accusations of Hypocrisy: Jesus accused the Teachers of the Law of hypocrisy, emphasizing their focus on external observance rather than the heart of the Law. In Mark 7:6-7, He quotes Isaiah, saying, "These people honor Me with their lips, but their hearts are far from Me. They worship Me in vain; they teach as doctrine the precepts of men."

3. Role in Jesus' Trial: The Teachers of the Law played a role in the trial and crucifixion of Jesus. They were part of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, which sought to condemn Jesus to death (Mark 14:53-64).

Legacy and Influence

Despite their opposition to Jesus, the Teachers of the Law contributed significantly to the preservation and understanding of the Jewish faith. Their dedication to the Law and its teachings laid the groundwork for rabbinic Judaism, which continued to develop after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD.

In the early church, the role of teaching and interpreting Scripture was carried on by apostles and elders, who were tasked with instructing believers in the ways of Christ. The New Testament emphasizes the importance of sound teaching and warns against false teachers, reflecting the ongoing need for faithful interpretation and application of God's Word.