The concept of retaliation, or responding to an injury or wrong with a similar act, is addressed in several passages throughout the Bible. The teachings on this subject are primarily found in the Old and New Testaments, with a significant emphasis on the transformation of the principle from the Old Covenant to the New Covenant under Jesus Christ.

Old Testament Context

In the Old Testament, the principle of retaliation is encapsulated in the law of "lex talionis," or the law of retribution, which is famously summarized as "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." This principle is found in several passages, including Exodus 21:24, Leviticus 24:20, and Deuteronomy 19:21. The purpose of this law was to ensure justice by limiting the extent of retaliation and preventing excessive punishment. It was a legal standard meant to maintain order and fairness within the community of Israel.

New Testament Teaching

In the New Testament, Jesus Christ reinterprets and expands upon the Old Testament understanding of retaliation. In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus addresses this topic directly. Matthew 5:38-39 states, "You have heard that it was said, ‘Eye for eye and tooth for tooth.’ But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If someone slaps you on your right cheek, turn to him the other also." Here, Jesus introduces a radical departure from the traditional understanding of justice and retaliation. Instead of seeking retribution, Jesus calls His followers to respond with grace and forgiveness.

This teaching emphasizes the importance of love and mercy over strict justice. By instructing His followers to "turn the other cheek," Jesus is advocating for a response that breaks the cycle of violence and retaliation. This approach is not about passivity or weakness but about demonstrating the transformative power of love and forgiveness.

Apostolic Teachings

The apostles further develop this teaching in their writings. The Apostle Paul, in Romans 12:17-21 , exhorts believers: "Do not repay anyone evil for evil. Carefully consider what is right in the eyes of everybody. If it is possible on your part, live at peace with everyone. Do not avenge yourselves, beloved, but leave room for God’s wrath. For it is written: 'Vengeance is Mine; I will repay, says the Lord.' On the contrary, 'If your enemy is hungry, feed him; if he is thirsty, give him a drink. For in so doing, you will heap burning coals on his head.' Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good."

Paul's teaching aligns with Jesus' message, urging believers to trust in God's justice rather than taking matters into their own hands. By doing good to those who wrong them, Christians are called to reflect the character of Christ and to overcome evil with good.

Practical Implications

The teaching on retaliation has profound implications for Christian conduct. It challenges believers to respond to personal offenses and injustices with a spirit of forgiveness and reconciliation. This teaching encourages Christians to rely on God's justice and to seek peace in their relationships. It also serves as a call to demonstrate the love of Christ in a world often marked by revenge and retribution.

In summary, the biblical teaching on retaliation moves from a legalistic approach in the Old Testament to a call for radical love and forgiveness in the New Testament. This shift underscores the transformative power of the Gospel and the call for believers to live out the principles of the Kingdom of God in their daily lives.