Galatians 2:11-14
Paul confronts Peter over his behavior towards Gentile believers, illustrating the ongoing struggle to live out the gospel's inclusivity.

Ephesians 2:14-16
Paul speaks of Christ breaking down the dividing wall between Jews and Gentiles, creating one new humanity.

Romans 14:1-4
Paul advises believers to accept those with differing convictions without passing judgment, emphasizing unity over uniformity.The Conflict
Acts 15:1-2 describes the initial conflict where certain individuals from Judea insisted that Gentile believers must be circumcised according to the custom of Moses to be saved. This teaching caused significant debate and division.

The Council's Gathering
In Acts 15:6, the apostles and elders convened in Jerusalem to consider this matter, demonstrating the importance of collective discernment and leadership in resolving doctrinal disputes.

Peter's Testimony
In Acts 15:7-11, Peter reminds the council of his experience with Cornelius, a Gentile, emphasizing that God made no distinction between Jews and Gentiles, purifying their hearts by faith.

James' Conclusion
Acts 15:13-21 records James' speech, where he cites Scripture to support the inclusion of Gentiles and proposes a solution that respects both Jewish and Gentile believers.

The Council's Decision
The council decides not to burden Gentile believers with the yoke of the law, except to abstain from certain practices (Acts 15:28-29), highlighting the balance between freedom in Christ and sensitivity to others.Seek Unity in Diversity
Just as the early church sought unity amidst diverse backgrounds, we should strive for harmony in our congregations, valuing each member's unique contributions.

Value Collective Wisdom
When facing doctrinal or practical issues, seek counsel from wise and mature believers, recognizing the importance of community discernment.

Embrace Grace
Remember that salvation is by grace through faith, not by adherence to cultural or religious customs, and extend this grace to others.

Respect Cultural Sensitivities
While enjoying freedom in Christ, be mindful of practices that may cause others to stumble, showing love and respect for their convictions.1. Paul
Paul, also known as Saul, is a prominent apostle who played a crucial role in the early Christian church. In Acts 15, he is involved in the debate over whether Gentile converts must follow Jewish law, particularly circumcision. His Greek name, Παῦλος (Paulos), reflects his Roman citizenship and his mission to the Gentiles.

2. Barnabas
Barnabas, whose name means "son of encouragement" in Aramaic, is a close companion of Paul. He is a key figure in the early church and accompanies Paul to the council in Jerusalem to discuss the issue of Gentile believers.

3. Peter
Also known as Simon Peter, he is one of Jesus' original disciples and a leading figure in the early church. In Acts 15, Peter speaks at the Jerusalem Council, emphasizing that God does not discriminate between Jews and Gentiles, as both are saved through grace.

4. James
James, the brother of Jesus, is a leader in the Jerusalem church. He plays a significant role in the council by proposing a solution that respects both Jewish and Gentile believers. His Hebrew name, יעקב (Ya'akov), is often translated as James in the New Testament.

5. Judas (called Barsabbas)
Judas, also known as Barsabbas, is one of the leaders in the Jerusalem church. He is chosen to accompany Paul and Barnabas back to Antioch with the council's decision. His name, Ἰούδας (Ioudas), is the Greek form of Judah.

6. Silas
Silas, also known as Silvanus, is another leader in the early church. He is selected to travel with Paul and Barnabas to deliver the council's letter to the Gentile believers. His Greek name, Σίλας (Silas), indicates his role as a missionary.1. Antioch
Antioch is where the chapter begins, with Paul and Barnabas engaging in ministry. It was a major center for early Christianity and the location where the dispute over circumcision and the Law of Moses arose. The Greek term for Antioch is "Ἀντιόχεια" (Antiocheia).

2. Jerusalem
Jerusalem is the city to which Paul, Barnabas, and others traveled to discuss the issue of Gentile believers and the Law with the apostles and elders. It was the central hub for Jewish religious life and the early Christian church. The Greek term for Jerusalem is "Ἱεροσόλυμα" (Hierosolyma).

3. Phoenicia
As Paul and Barnabas traveled to Jerusalem, they passed through Phoenicia, sharing the news of Gentile conversions, which brought joy to the believers there. Phoenicia was a coastal region known for its ancient cities and maritime trade. The Greek term is "Φοινίκη" (Phoinike).

4. Samaria
They also traveled through Samaria, similarly sharing the news of Gentile conversions. Samaria was a region with a mixed population of Jews and Samaritans, often viewed with suspicion by Judean Jews. The Greek term is "Σαμάρεια" (Samareia).

5. Syria
After the council in Jerusalem, the letter with the council's decision was sent to the believers in Antioch, which is in the region of Syria. Syria was a significant Roman province in the eastern Mediterranean. The Greek term is "Συρία" (Syria).

6. Cilicia
The letter from the Jerusalem council was also addressed to the believers in Cilicia, a region in southeastern Asia Minor. Paul, originally from Tarsus in Cilicia, had a personal connection to this area. The Greek term is "Κιλικία" (Kilikia).1. Dispute Over Circumcision
Certain men from Judea came to Antioch and taught the believers, "Unless you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses, you cannot be saved" (Acts 15:1). This sparked a significant debate regarding the necessity of circumcision for salvation.

2. Paul and Barnabas Sent to Jerusalem
Due to the disagreement, Paul and Barnabas, along with some others, were appointed to go up to Jerusalem to discuss this question with the apostles and elders (Acts 15:2).

3. The Journey to Jerusalem
As they traveled through Phoenicia and Samaria, Paul and Barnabas described the conversion of the Gentiles, bringing great joy to all the believers (Acts 15:3).

4. Reception in Jerusalem
Upon arrival in Jerusalem, they were welcomed by the church, the apostles, and the elders, and they reported all that God had done through them (Acts 15:4).

5. The Debate in Jerusalem
Some believers from the party of the Pharisees insisted, "The Gentiles must be circumcised and required to obey the Law of Moses" (Acts 15:5).

6. The Apostles and Elders Convene
The apostles and elders gathered to consider this matter, leading to much debate (Acts 15:6-7).

7. Peter's Address
Peter stood up and reminded them how God had chosen him to bring the gospel to the Gentiles, emphasizing that God gave the Holy Spirit to them just as He did to the Jews, purifying their hearts by faith (Acts 15:7-9).

8. Peter's Conclusion
Peter argued against placing a yoke on the neck of the disciples that neither their ancestors nor they could bear, affirming that salvation is through the grace of the Lord Jesus (Acts 15:10-11).

9. Paul and Barnabas Testify
Paul and Barnabas recounted the signs and wonders God had performed among the Gentiles through them (Acts 15:12).

10. James' Judgment
James, the brother of Jesus, spoke up, citing the words of the prophets and concluding that they should not trouble the Gentiles who are turning to God (Acts 15:13-19).

11. The Letter to the Gentile Believers
The apostles and elders, with the whole church, decided to send a letter to the Gentile believers, instructing them to abstain from food sacrificed to idols, from blood, from the meat of strangled animals, and from sexual immorality (Acts 15:20-29).

12. The Delegation Sent to Antioch
Judas (called Barsabbas) and Silas, along with Paul and Barnabas, were sent to Antioch with the letter (Acts 15:22).

13. The Letter Delivered and Received
The delegation delivered the letter to the believers in Antioch, who rejoiced at its encouraging message (Acts 15:30-31).

14. Judas and Silas Encourage the Believers
Judas and Silas, being prophets themselves, encouraged and strengthened the brothers with many words (Acts 15:32).

15. Paul and Barnabas Remain in Antioch
After some time, Judas and Silas were sent off in peace, while Paul and Barnabas stayed in Antioch, teaching and preaching the word of the Lord (Acts 15:33-35).1. The Dispute over Circumcision (Acts 15:1-5)
This section addresses the controversy that arose when certain individuals from Judea taught that circumcision according to the custom of Moses was necessary for salvation. This led to a significant debate among the early Christians, particularly between Paul and Barnabas and these individuals. The Greek term "περιτομή" (peritomē) is used for circumcision, highlighting its cultural and religious significance.

2. The Council at Jerusalem (Acts 15:6-12)
The apostles and elders convened in Jerusalem to discuss the matter. Peter stood up and recounted how God had chosen him to bring the Gospel to the Gentiles, emphasizing that God made no distinction between Jews and Gentiles, purifying their hearts by faith. The Greek word "πίστις" (pistis) for faith underscores the centrality of belief in Christ for salvation.

3. James' Judgment (Acts 15:13-21)
James, the brother of Jesus, offered his judgment, suggesting that Gentile believers should not be burdened with the full yoke of the Mosaic Law. Instead, he proposed they abstain from certain practices. The Greek term "κρίσις" (krisis) for judgment reflects the authoritative decision-making process of the early church leaders.

4. The Letter to the Gentile Believers (Acts 15:22-29)
The council decided to send a letter to the Gentile believers in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia, outlining the necessary abstentions and affirming their freedom from the full Mosaic Law. The Greek word "ἐπιστολή" (epistolē) for letter indicates the formal communication method used to convey the council's decision.

5. The Delivery of the Letter (Acts 15:30-35)
Paul, Barnabas, Judas (called Barsabbas), and Silas were sent to deliver the letter. Upon receiving it, the Gentile believers rejoiced at its encouraging message. The Greek term "παρακαλέω" (parakaleō) for encourage highlights the supportive and uplifting nature of the council's message.

6. Paul and Barnabas Part Ways (Acts 15:36-41)
After some time, Paul proposed revisiting the churches they had established. However, a disagreement arose between Paul and Barnabas over John Mark, leading to their separation. Paul chose Silas and continued his missionary work. The Greek word "παροξυσμός" (paroxysmos) for sharp disagreement indicates the intensity of their dispute.1. The Debate over Circumcision and the Law of Moses
Acts 15:1-2 describes the initial conflict: "Some men came down from Judea and were teaching the brothers, 'Unless you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses, you cannot be saved.' This brought Paul and Barnabas into sharp dispute and debate with them." The Greek word for "dispute" (στάσις, stasis) indicates a significant disagreement, highlighting the early church's struggle with integrating Gentile believers.

2. The Role of Apostolic Authority
Acts 15:6 states, "So the apostles and elders met to look into this matter." The gathering of apostles and elders underscores the importance of apostolic authority in resolving doctrinal issues. The Greek term for "apostles" (ἀπόστολοι, apostoloi) emphasizes their role as sent ones with authority from Christ.

3. The Testimony of Peter
In Acts 15:7-11, Peter speaks about God's acceptance of the Gentiles: "God, who knows the heart, showed His approval by giving the Holy Spirit to them, just as He did to us." The Greek word for "heart" (καρδία, kardia) signifies the inner self, emphasizing God's impartial judgment based on inner faith rather than external rites.

4. The Evidence of Miracles and Wonders
Acts 15:12 records, "The whole assembly fell silent as they listened to Barnabas and Paul describing the signs and wonders God had done among the Gentiles through them." The Greek term for "wonders" (τέρατα, terata) indicates extraordinary events that confirm divine approval of the Gentile mission.

5. The Judgment of James
Acts 15:13-21 details James' decision, which includes quoting Scripture to support the inclusion of Gentiles: "It is my judgment, therefore, that we should not cause trouble for the Gentiles who are turning to God." The Greek word for "judgment" (κρίσις, krisis) reflects a considered decision based on scriptural and experiential evidence.

6. The Letter to the Gentile Believers
Acts 15:23-29 outlines the contents of the letter sent to Gentile believers, which includes abstaining from certain practices. The letter emphasizes unity and sensitivity to Jewish customs without imposing the full Mosaic Law, reflecting a balance between freedom in Christ and respect for cultural differences.

7. The Joy of the Gentile Believers
Acts 15:31 notes the reaction to the letter: "When the people read it, they rejoiced at its encouraging message." The Greek word for "rejoiced" (χαίρω, chairō) indicates a deep sense of joy and relief, showing the positive impact of the council's decision on the Gentile community.1. Acts 15:1 – How can we verify the historicity of this Jerusalem Council when non-biblical sources are silent on such a pivotal event?

2. Acts 15:7–9 – If God supposedly made no distinction between Jews and Gentiles, why do some Old Testament laws still appear necessary in the letter?

3. Acts 15:13–21 – Why does James cite Amos if the context of Amos 9 doesn’t clearly align with the Gentiles’ situation in this account?

4. Acts 15:22–29 – If this decree was universally binding, why do Paul’s later writings seem to allow more freedoms than this letter implies?

5. Acts 15:36–39 – Why does the text gloss over the credibility of Mark and the conflict with Paul and Barnabas, if unity was supposedly so crucial?

1. What are the potential dangers of imposing one's cultural practices on believers from different cultures, as seen in the dispute over circumcision?

2. How does the Jerusalem Council provide a model for resolving doctrinal disputes within the Church?

3. What can we learn from Peter's defense of the Gentile believers at the Council?

4. How does James' proposal balance the concerns of Jewish believers and the freedom of Gentile believers?

5. How does the council's letter demonstrate sensitivity and respect towards both Jewish and Gentile believers?

6. How does the response of the Gentile believers in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia to the council's letter underscore the importance of unity in the Church?

7. What can the disagreement between Paul and Barnabas teach us about dealing with personal disputes within Christian ministry?

8. How can we apply the lessons from the Jerusalem Council to current debates within our own churches or denominations?

9. How does the council's decision reflect the work of the Holy Spirit in the early Church?

10. What strategies can we use to avoid letting personal disagreements, like the one between Paul and Barnabas, hinder our Christian mission?

11. How does Acts 15 challenge our understanding of the role of cultural practices in our faith?

12. What can we learn from the way the early Church handled disagreements and conflicts?

13. How can the council's decision influence our approach to cultural diversity within our own church communities?

14. How does the unfolding of events in this chapter demonstrate the sovereignty of God, even in times of conflict and disagreement?

15. How does the inclusivity of Gentiles in the early Church speak to issues of racial or cultural inclusion in today's Church?

16. In what ways does the decision of the Jerusalem Council demonstrate the Church's flexibility and adaptability to changing contexts?

17. How do you reconcile the directive from the Jerusalem Council with the freedom we have in Christ?

18. How can the split between Paul and Barnabas be viewed both negatively and positively?

19. What does the chapter suggest about the role of human agency and the Holy Spirit in the expansion of the Church?

20. How can we promote unity in our church communities amidst differing views and beliefs?